Yield traits for maize

ABSTRACT

Methods for introgressing an allele of interest of a locus associated with a yield trait into  Zea mays  germplasm are provided. In some embodiments, the methods include providing a  Zea mays  plant that contains an allele of interest of a locus associated with a yield trait, wherein the locus associated with the yield trait is identifiable by PCR amplification of a  Zea mays  nucleic acid with a pair of oligonucleotides primers as disclosed herein, and introgressing the allele of interest into  Zea mays  germplasm that lacks the allele. Also provided are methods for identifying  Zea mays  plants that contain at least one allele associated with improved yield, improved maize plants, elite  Zea mays  plants, biomass produced from improved  Zea mays  plants, isolated and purified genetic markers, and compositions that include an amplification primer pair capable of amplifying a  Zea mays  nucleic acid to generate a  Zea mays  marker amplicon.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/904,450 filed Oct. 14, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/256,623, which is herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

A Sequence Listing in computer readable form (CRF) was submitted in parent application Ser. No. 12/904,450, filed Oct. 14, 2010. The CRF of the Sequence Listing in this continuation application is identical to the CRF of the Sequence Listing filed in the parent application. Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §1.82(e) and MPEP §2422.05, applicants respectfully request that the CRF of the last filed Sequence Listing in the parent application be used as the CRF of the Sequence Listing in the present application. It is understood that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will make the necessary change in application number and filing date for the instant application.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to maize, such as maize of the species Zea mays, and methods of breeding the same. More particularly, the presently disclosed subject matter relates to maize lines, such as Zea mays lines, with one or more improved yield traits, and methods for breeding the same, which methods involve in some embodiments genetic marker analysis and/or nucleic acid sequence analysis.

BACKGROUND

A goal of plant breeding is to combine, in a single plant, various desirable traits. For field crops such as corn, these traits can include greater yield and better agronomic quality. However, genetic loci that influence yield and agronomic quality are not always known, and even if known, their contributions to such traits are frequently unclear. Thus, new loci that can positively influence such desirable traits need to be identified and/or the abilities of known loci to do so need to be discovered.

Once discovered, these desirable loci can be selected for as part of a breeding program in order to generate plants that carry desirable traits. An exemplary embodiment of a method for generating such plants includes the transfer by introgression of nucleic acid sequences from plants that have desirable genetic information into plants that do not by crossing the plants using traditional breeding techniques.

Desirable loci can be introgressed into commercially available plant varieties using marker-assisted selection (MAS) or marker-assisted breeding (MAB). MAS and MAB involves the use of one or more of the molecular markers for the identification and selection of those progeny plants that contain one or more loci that encode the desired traits. Such identification and selection can be based on selection of informative markers that are associated with desired traits. MAB can also be used to develop near-isogenic lines (NIL) harboring loci of interest, allowing a more detailed study of the effect each locus can have on a desired trait, and is also an effective method for development of backcross inbred line (BIL) populations.

What are needed, then, are new methods and compositions for genetically analyzing Zea mays varieties and for employing the information obtained for producing new Zea mays plants that have improved traits.

SUMMARY

This summary lists several embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, and in many cases lists variations and permutations of these embodiments. This summary is merely exemplary of the numerous and varied embodiments. Mention of one or more representative features of a given embodiment is likewise exemplary. Such an embodiment can typically exist with or without the feature(s) mentioned; likewise, those features can be applied to other embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, whether listed in this summary or not. To avoid excessive repetition, this Summary does not list or suggest all possible combinations of such features.

The presently disclosed subject matter provides methods for introgressing an allele of interest of a locus associated with a yield trait into Zea mays germplasm. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) selecting a Zea mays plant that comprises an allele of interest of a locus associated with a yield trait, identifiable by PCR amplification of a Zea mays nucleic acid with a pair of oligonucleotides primers selected from among primer pair 1 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 52 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 53; primer pair 2 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 57 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 58; primer pair 3 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 62 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 63; primer pair 4 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 68; primer pair 5 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 72 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 73; primer pair 6 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 77 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 78; primer pair 7 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 82 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 83; primer pair 8 by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 87 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 88; primer pair 9 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 92 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 93; primer pair 10 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 97 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 98; primer pair 11 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 102 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 103; primer pair 12 by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 107 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 108; primer pair 13 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 112 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 113; primer pair 14 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 117 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 118; primer pair 15 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 122 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 123; primer pair 16 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 127 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 128; primer pair 17 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 132 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 133; primer pair 18 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 137 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 138; primer pair 19 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 142 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 143; primer pair 20 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 147 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 148; primer pair 21 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 152 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 153; primer pair 22 by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 157 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 158; primer pair 23 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 162 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 163; primer pair 24 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 167 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 168; primer pair 25 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 172 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 173; primer pair 26 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 177 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 178; primer pair 27 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 182 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 183; primer pair 28 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 187 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 188; primer pair 29 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 192 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 193; primer pair 30 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 197 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 198; primer pair 31 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 202 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 203; primer pair 32 by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 207 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 208; primer pair 33 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 212 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 213; primer pair 34 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 217 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 218; primer pair 35 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 222 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 223; primer pair 36 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 227 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 228; primer pair 37 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 232 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 233; primer pair 38 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 237 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 238; primer pair 39 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 242 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 243; primer pair 40 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 247 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 248; primer pair 41 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 252 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 253; primer pair 42 by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 257 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 258; primer pair 43 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 262 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 263; primer pair 44 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 267 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 268; primer pair 45 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 272 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 273; primer pair 46 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 277 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 278; primer pair 47 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 282 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 283; primer pair 48 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 287 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 288; primer pair 49 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 292 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 293; primer pair 50 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 297 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 298; and primer pair 51 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 302 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 303; and (b) introgressing the allele of interest into Zea mays germplasm that lacks the allele. In some embodiments, the allele of interest comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 164, 169, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 249, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for identifying a Zea mays plant comprising at least one allele associated with improved yield. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) genotyping at least one Zea mays plant with at least one nucleic acid marker selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 249, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382; and (b) selecting at least one Zea mays plant comprising an allele of at least one of the at least one nucleic acid marker that is associated with improved yield. In some embodiments, the allele associated with improved yield comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to the full length nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 169, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382. In some embodiments, the allele associated with improved yield is a favorable allele that positively correlates with an improved yield trait.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for producing inbred Zea mays plants adapted for conferring, in hybrid combination with a suitable second inbred, improved yield. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) selecting a first donor parental line possessing a desired yield trait and having at least one of improved yield loci selected from the Zea mays loci ZmDWF1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 1, 50, 51, 54, 299, 304, 307, 308, and 380-382; ZmZfl2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 2-4, 59, 64, 69, and 309-312; ZmFea2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 5-7, 74, 79, 89, and 313-316; ZmZfl1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 89, 94, and 317-319; M1_(—)8138, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 10, 99, 320, and 321; ZmCat3, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12, 104, and 322-324; Zm013154, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 13, 325, and 326; ZmSTP1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 14, 119, 124, and 327-329; ZmCaT, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 16, 129, 330, and 331; ZmAlaAT, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 17-19, 134, 139, 144, and 332-335; ZmD11/DWARF4L1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, 149, 154, and 336-338; ZmDWARF4, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 159, 164, and 339-341; ZmTD1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 24-26, 169, 174, 179, and 342-345; ZmBT2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 184, 189, and 346-348; ZmVrs1.1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, 194, and 349-351; ZmSPS1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 31, 352, and 353; ZmBRI1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 32-34, 209, 214, 219, and 354-357; ZmCaT2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 35-37, 224, 229, 234, and 358-361; ZmCKX1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 38-41, 239, 244, 249, 254, and 362-366; ZmCKX4, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 42, 259, 367, and 368; ZmCKX7, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 43, 44, 264, 269, and 369-371; ZmGW2-2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 274, 279, and 372-374; ZmKRN1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 47, 284, 375, and 376; and ZmVRS1-3, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 48, 49, 289, 294, and 377-379; (b) crossing the first donor parent line with a second parental line in hybrid combination to produce a segregating plant population; (c) screening the segregating plant population for presence of an allele associated with improved yield; and (d) selecting plants from the population having the allele for further screening until a line is obtained which is homozygous for improved yield at sufficient loci to give improved yield in hybrid combination.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for producing a Zea mays plant with improved yield. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) providing a Zea mays plant which contains one or more alleles that confer improved yield, wherein each of the one or more alleles that confer improved yield is selected from among Zea mays loci ZmDWF1, ZmZfl2, ZmFea2, ZmZfl1, M1_(—)8138, ZmCat3, Zm013154, ZmSTP1, ZmCaT, ZmAlaAT, ZmD11/DWARF4L1, ZmDWARF4, ZmTD1, ZmBT2, ZmVrs1.1, ZmSPS1, ZmBRI1, ZmCaT2, ZmCKX1, ZmCKX4, ZmCKX7, ZmGW2-2, ZmKRN1, and ZmVRS1-3, and (b) crossing the Zea mays plant provided in step (a) with Zea mays breeding material to produce one or more progeny individuals, whereby one or more Zea mays plants with improved yield are produced. In some embodiments, ZmDWF1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 50, 51, 54, 299, 304, 307, 308, and 380-382; ZmZfl2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 2 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4, 59, 64, 69, and 309-312; ZmFea2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 4 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 5-7, 74, 79, 89, and 313-316; ZmZfl1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 10 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 89, 94, and 317-319; M1_(—)8138 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 99, 320, and 321; ZmCat3 maps to Zea mays chromosome 4 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12, 109, and 322-324; Zm013154 maps to Zea mays chromosome 9 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 114, 325, and 326; ZmSTP1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15, 119, 124, and 327-329; ZmCaT maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 129, 330, and 331; ZmAlaAT maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 17-19, 134, 139, 144, and 332-335; ZmD11/DWARF4L1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 2 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, 149, 154, and 336-338; ZmDWARF4 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 159, 164, and 339-341; ZmTD1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 24-26, 169, 174, 179, and 342-345; ZmBT2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 6 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 189, and 346-348; ZmVrs1.1 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, 194, 199, and 349-351; ZmSPS1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 31, 204, 352, and 353; ZmBRI1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 32-34, 209, 214, 219, and 354-357; ZmCaT2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 35-37, 224, 229, 234, and 358-361; ZmCKX1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 38-41, 239, 244, 249, 254, and 362-366; ZmCKX4 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 42, 259, 367, and 368; ZmCKX7 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 44, 264, 269, and 369-371; ZmGW2-2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 279, and 372-374; ZmKRN1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 284, 375, and 376; and ZmVRS1-3 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 48, 49, 289, 294, and 377-379. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (c) collecting the seeds resulting from the cross in step (b); (d) regenerating the seeds into plants; (e) evaluating the plants of step (d) for improved yield; and (f) identifying and selecting plants which have improved yield.

In some embodiments of the presently disclosed methods, the allele of interest is a favorable allele that positively correlates with an improved yield-associated trait. In some embodiments, the yield trait is grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a G at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a C at nucleotide position 4038 SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; an A at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a T at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a C at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a C at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; an A at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; a C at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; an A at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; an A at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a T at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; a T at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; a T at nucleotide position 2458 SEQ ID NO: 20; a T at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; a T at nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22; a G at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; an A at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; an A at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; an A at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; an A at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; a C at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a C at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a T at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; a T at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; an A at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; an A at nucleotide position 1795 SEQ ID NO: 43; a T at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; the yield trait is grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a C at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a T at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; a G at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a G at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a G at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a G at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a G at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; an A at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; a G at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; a G at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a G at nucleotide position 112 SEQ ID NO: 19; an A at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a C at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; a G at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; a T at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; a G at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; a G at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; an A at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a C at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; a G at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; an A at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; an A at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; a G at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; a G at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; a T at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; an A at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a G at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; an A at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; a C at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; and/or the yield trait is grain weight per plot (GWTPN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; or an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides improved Zea mays plants produced by the presently disclosed methods, or parts, seeds, progeny, or tissue cultures thereof.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides Zea mays plants, optionally inbred Zea mays plants, that comprise one or more of the alleles associated with a desired yield-associated trait. In some embodiments, the yield trait is grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN), and at least one of the alleles of interest is selected from a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a G at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; an A at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a T at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a C at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a C at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; an A at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; a C at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; an A at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; an A at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a T at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; a T at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; a T at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a T at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; a T at nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22; a G at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; an A at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; an A at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; an A at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; an A at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; a C at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a C at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a T at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; a T at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; an A at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; an A at nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43; a T at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; and an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the yield trait is grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP), and at least one of the alleles of interest is selected from a nucleotide sequence comprising a C at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a T at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; a G at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a G at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a G at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a G at nucleotide position 160 SEQ ID NO: 11; a G at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; an A at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; a G at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; a G at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a G at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; an A at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a C at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; a G at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; a T at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; a G at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; a G at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; an A at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a C at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; a G at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; an A at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; an A at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; a G at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; a G at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; a T at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; an A at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a G at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; an A at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; a C at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; and an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the yield trait is grain weight per plot (GWTPN), and at least one of the alleles of interest is selected from a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; an A at nucleotide position 338 SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; or an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the Zea mays plant comprises a plurality of alleles of interest disclosed herein, including, but not limited to 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more of the alleles of interest disclosed herein.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides elite Zea mays plants produced from the disclosed improved Zea mays plants.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides biomass produced from the disclosed improved Zea mays plants, or from a progeny plant thereof, or from a part, seed, or tissue culture thereof.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides isolated and purified genetic markers associated with yield traits in Zea mays. In some embodiments, the isolated and purified genetic marker (a) comprise a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382, or the reverse complement thereof, or an informative fragment thereof; and/or (b) comprise a nucleotide sequence of an amplification product or an informative fragment thereof from a nucleic acid sample isolated from a Zea mays plant, wherein the amplification product is produced by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid using a pair of oligonucleotide primers selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53, SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 58, SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 63, SEQ ID NOs: 67 and 68, SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73, SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 78, SEQ ID NOs: 82 and 83, SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88, SEQ ID NOs: 92 and 93, SEQ ID NOs: 97 and 98, SEQ ID NOs: 102 and 103, SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108, SEQ ID NOs: 112 and 113, SEQ ID NOs: 117 and 118, SEQ ID NOs: 122 and 123, SEQ ID NOs: 127 and 128, SEQ ID NOs: 132 and 133, SEQ ID NOs: 137 and 138, SEQ ID NOs: 142 and 143, SEQ ID NOs: 147 and 148, SEQ ID NOs: 152 and 153, SEQ ID NOs: 157 and 158, SEQ ID NOs: 162 and 163, SEQ ID NOs: 167 and 168, SEQ ID NOs: 172 and 173, SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178, SEQ ID NOs: 182 and 183, SEQ ID NOs: 187 and 188, SEQ ID NOs: 192 and 193, SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198, SEQ ID NOs: 202 and 203, SEQ ID NOs: 207 and 208, SEQ ID NOs: 212 and 213, SEQ ID NOs: 217 and 218, SEQ ID NOs: 222 and 223, SEQ ID NOs: 227 and 228, SEQ ID NOs: 232 and 233, SEQ ID NOs: 237 and 238, SEQ ID NOs: 242 and 243, SEQ ID NOs: 247 and 248, SEQ ID NOs: 252 and 253, SEQ ID NOs: 257 and 258, SEQ ID NOs: 262 and 263, SEQ ID NOs: 267 and 268, SEQ ID NOs: 272 and 273, SEQ ID NOs: 277 and 278, SEQ ID NOs: 282 and 283, SEQ ID NOs: 287 and 288, SEQ ID NOs: 292 and 293, SEQ ID NOs: 297 and 298; and SEQ ID NOs: 302 and 303. In some embodiments, the isolated and purified genetic markers permit identification of a nucleotide in the genome of a Zea mays plant that corresponds to the nucleotide present at any of nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1, nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2, nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4, nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5, nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6, nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7, nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8, nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9, nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10, nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11, nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12, nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13, nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14, nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15, nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16, nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18, nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19, nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20, nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21, nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22, nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24, nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25, nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26, nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27, nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28, nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29, nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30, nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31, nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32, nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33, nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34, nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35, nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36, nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37, nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38, nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39, nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40, nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41, nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42, nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43, nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44, nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45, nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46, nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47, nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48, nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49, nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; and nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the isolated and purified genetic markers further comprise a detectable moiety.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides compositions comprising one or more amplification primer pairs capable of amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid to generate a Zea mays marker amplicon. In some embodiments, the Zea mays marker amplicon corresponds to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 169, 174, 179, 184, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 249, 254, 259, 264, 269, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382.

Thus, it is an object of the presently disclosed subject matter to provide methods for conveying one or more yield traits into maize germplasm.

An object of the presently disclosed subject matter having been stated hereinabove, and which is achieved in whole or in part by the presently disclosed subject matter, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying Figures as best described herein below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

SEQ ID NO: 1 is a nucleotide sequence that is associated with the yield locus ZmDWF1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 5 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 2-4 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmZfl2, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 2 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 5-7 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmFea2, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 4 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 9 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmZfl1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 10 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NO: 10 is a nucleotide sequence that is associated with the yield locus M1_(—)8138, a subsequence of which can be amplified from chromosome 3 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmCat3, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 4 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NO: 13 is a nucleotide sequence that is associated with the yield locus Zm013154, a subsequence of which can be amplified from chromosome 9 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 14 and 15 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmSTP1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 8 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NO: 16 is a nucleotide sequence that is associated with the yield locus ZmCaT, a subsequence of which can be amplified from chromosome 8 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 17-19 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmAlaAT, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 5 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 21 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmD11/DWARF4L1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 2 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 23 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmDWARF4, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 1 the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 24-26 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmTD1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 5 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmBT2, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 6 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmVrs1-1, subsequences of which can be amplified from the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NO: 31 is a nucleotide sequence that is associated with the yield locus ZmSPS1, a subsequence of which can be amplified from chromosome 8 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 32-34 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmBRI1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 8 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 35-37 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmCaT2, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 3 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 38-41 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmCKX1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 3 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NO: 42 is a nucleotide sequence that is associated with the yield locus ZmCKX4, a subsequence of which can be amplified from chromosome 3 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 43 and 44 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmCKX7, subsequences of which can be amplified from the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 45 and 46 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmGW2.2, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 5 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NO: 47 is a nucleotide sequence that is associated with the yield locus ZmKRN1, a subsequence of which can be amplified from chromosome 1 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 49 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmVRS1-3, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 1 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 51 are nucleotide sequences that are associated with the yield locus ZmDWF1, subsequences of which can be amplified from chromosome 5 of the Zea mays genome using the polymerase chain reaction with amplification primers as set forth in Table 1 below.

Table 1 lists SEQ ID NOs. for oligonucleotides that can be employed to amplify Zea mays nucleic acids derived from the loci that correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 1-51 and exemplary amplicons produced thereby. Table 1 also lists the nucleotide position in each locus sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1-51 of an SNP that is associated with a yield trait, as well as the corresponding nucleotide position for the SNP in each amplicon.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID NOs. for Oligonucleotides that can be Employed to Amplify Zea mays Loci Corresponding to SEQ ID NOs: 1-51 Locus Amplicon SEQ ID NO. and Amplification Amplification SEQ ID NO. and Position of SNP Primer 1 Primer 2 Position of SNP (nucleotide) SEQ ID NO. SEQ ID NO. (nucleotide)  1 (1333) 52 53  54 (55)  2 (2420) 57 58  59 (26)  3 (2709) 62 63  64 (44) 4 (368) 67 68  69 (49)  5 (4038) 72 73  74 (34)  6 (4038) 77 78  79 (34) 7 (402) 82 83  84 (35)  8 (3050) 87 88  89 (56)  9 (2146) 92 93  94 (39) 10 (408)  97 98  99 (93) 11 (160)  102 103 104 (47) 12 (311)  107 108 109 (35) 13 (338)  112 113 114 (37) 14 (5356) 117 118 119 (58) 15 (5371) 122 123 124 (63) 16 (1587) 127 128 129 (32) 17 (388)  132 133 134 (34) 18 (494)  137 138 139 (67) 19 (112)  142 143 144 (57) 20 (2458) 147 148 149 (74) 21 (4037) 152 153 154 (30) 22 (849)  157 158 159 (70) 23 (966)  162 163 164 (58) 24 (1032) 167 168 169 (39) 25 (286)  172 173 174 (87) 26 (346)  177 178 179 (57) 27 (6968) 182 183 184 (38) 28 (6083) 187 188 189 (79) 29 (1729) 192 193 194 (35) 30 (1668) 197 198 199 (58) 31 (5516) 202 203 204 (44) 32 (1255) 207 208 209 (40) 33 (1336) 212 213 214 (45) 34 (1486) 217 218 219 (25) 35 (1742) 222 223 224 (28) 36 (2457) 227 228 229 (58) 37 (631)  232 233 234 (24) 38 (945)  237 238 239 (28) 39 (2378) 242 243 244 (32) 40 (3860) 247 248 249 (77) 41 (2519) 252 253 254 (60) 42 (903)  257 258 259 (54) 43 (1795) 262 263 264 (35) 44 (2040) 267 268 269 (44) 45 (3597) 272 273 274 (65) 46 (3611) 277 278 279 (79) 47 (131)  282 283 284 (19) 48 (2273) 287 288 289 (76) 49 (187)  292 293 294 (44) 50 (1603) 297 298 299 (36) 51 (2859) 302 303 304 (85)

Table 2 lists SEQ ID NOs. for exemplary oligonucleotides that can be used to assay Zea mays nucleic acid sequences to identify nucleotides that are present at the SNP positions identified in Table 1.

TABLE 2 SEQ ID NOs. for Assay Oligonucleotides SEQ ID SEQ ID Nucleotide SEQ ID SEQ ID Nucleotide NO: of NO: of Assayed NO: of NO: of Assayed Locus Amplicon (SEQ ID Locus Amplicon (SEQ ID Assayed* Assayed* NO:)¹ Assayed* Assayed* NO:)¹ 1 54 T (55)  2 59 G (60)  C (56)  C (61)  3 64 T (65)  4 69 G (70)  G (66)  T (71)  5 74 A (75)  6 79 G (80)  G (76)  A (81)  7 84 T (85)  8 89 G (90)  C (86)  T (91)  9 94 C (95)  10 99 G (100) T (96)  A (101) 11 104 C (105) 12 109 C (110) G (106) G (111) 13 114  T (115) 14 119  T (120) C (116) C (121) 15 124  T (125) 16 129  T (130) G (126) C (131) 17 134 A (135) 18 139 A (140) G (136) C (141) 19 144  T (145) 20 149  T (150) G (146) A (151) 21 154  T (155) 22 159 C (160) G (156)  T (161) 23 164 A (165) 24 169 C (170) G (166) G (171) 25 174 C (175) 26 179 C (180)  T (176) A (181) 27 184  T (185) 28 189 C (190) A (186)  T (191) 29 194 G (195) 30 199 C (200) A (196) A (201) 31 204 A (205) 32 209 G (210) G (206) A (211) 33 214 C (215) 34 219  T (220) G (216) C (221) 35 224  T (225) 36 229 C (230) C (226) A (231) 37 234  T (235) 38 239 G (240) A (236) A (241) 39 244  T (245) 40 249  T (250) C (246) A (251) 41 254  T (255) 42 259 G (260) G (256) A (261) 43 264 G (265) 44 269 G (270) A (266) A (271) 45 274  T (275) 46 279 G (280) A (276) A (281) 47 284 C (285) 48 289  T (290) G (286) A (291) 49 294 C (295) 50 299 C (300) G (296) A (301) 51 304  T (305) C (306) ¹numbers in these columns refer to SEQ ID NOs. for oligonucleotides that can be employed to assay for the listed nucleotide at the listed SNP position.

Table 3 lists SEQ ID NOs 307-382, which are Zea mays genomic sequences present in the GENBANK® database that correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 1-51 as well as amplicons that can be amplified from the corresponding GENBANK® sequences and/or assayed using the oligonucleotides listed in Table 1.

TABLE 3 GENBANK ® Database Sequences that Correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 1-51 SEQ ID NO. of GENBANK ® GENBANK ® Corresponding Corresponding Amplicon SEQ ID NO. Accession No. Nucleotides* Nucleotides SEQ ID NO. 1 AC212758.3 120,519-124,445 307 308 2 AC194054.3 112,287-116,332 309 310 3 311 4 312 5 AC193511.3 75,839-80,262 313 314 6 315 7 316 8 AC203811.3 71,468-75,810 317 318 9 319 10 AC183783.4 72,844-73,394 320 321 11 AC194475.4 7,792-7,286 322 323 12 324 13 AC191304.3 144,760-145,581 325 326 14 AC203908.3 76,203-83,388 327 328 15 329 16 AC203862.4 44,222-42,385 330 331 17 AC214133.3 75,523-74,913 332 333 18 334 19 335 20 AC213693.3 103,642-109,297 336 337 21 338 22 AC217909.3 146,835-143,989 339 340 23 341 24 AC209026.3 35,122-41,268 342 343 25 344 26 345 27 AC190718.3 107,472-98,966  346 347 28 348 29 AC187394.3 73,707-76,406 349 350 30 351 31 AC193939.3 107,773-116,081 352 353 32 AC199011.4 140,199-137,838 354 355 33 356 34 357 35 AC216861.3 128,894-131,524 358 359 36 360 37 361 38 AC225703.1 25,980-28,719 362 363 39 364 40 365 41 366 42 AC203958.4 84,395-79,281 367 368 43 AC197220.4 39,028-36,915 369 370 44 371 45 AC211190.4 195,470-192,503 372 373 46 374 47 AC177932.3 5,838-3,574 375 375 48 AC197760.3 120,435-118,003 377 378 49 379 50 AC212758.3 120,519-124,445 380 381 51 382 *Numbers in this column that are listed from lower to higher indicate that the GENBANK ® database entry corresponds to the nucleotide sequence from the same strand as in the corresponding sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NOs: 1-51. For those entries in which the numbers in this column are listed from higher to lower, the nucleotide sequence disclosed in the GENBANK ® database entry is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding sequence in SEQ ID NOs: 1-51.

SEQ ID NOs: 307, 309, 313, 317, 320, 322, 325, 327, 330, 332, 336, 339, 342, 349, 352, 354, 358, 362, 367, 369, 372, 375, 377, and 380 have been added to the GENBANK® database by the Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., United States of America. As set forth in the annotations to these database entries, the sequences were part of an effort by The Maize Sequencing Consortium to sequence the genome of Zea mays. Currently, the sequencing effort has not been completed, and various portions of the Zea mays genome remain unsequenced and/or the sequences have not been ordered in the database.

As can be seen in Tables 1-3, certain of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382 are related to each other. By way of example, SEQ ID NO: 1 is a nucleotide sequence from Zea mays that has been mapped to the Zea mays ZMDWF1 locus on chromosome 5. A subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 can be amplified in an amplification reaction (e.g., a PCR) using oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53 yield an amplicon that in some embodiments has a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54. At position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1 there is an SNP, and the specific nucleotide that is present in any nucleic acid sample at this position can be determined using oligonucleotides that have the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 55 and 56.

Additionally, GENBANK® Accession No. AC212758.3 includes a subsequence (i.e., nucleotides 120,519-124,445; SEQ ID NO: 307) that itself is highly similar to SEQ ID NO: 1 (i.e., 3727/3941 nucleotides identical; 94%) and thus is present at the same locus from which SEQ ID NO: 1 is derived. The differences between the two sequences (which can be identified using a BLAST algorithm, a ClustalX algorithm, or any other appropriate method of analysis) can be attributable to normal variation within Zea mays populations. A subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 307 can also be amplified in an amplification reaction (e.g., a PCR) using oligonucleotides having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53 to yield an amplicon which in some embodiments has a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308, which has a size of 86 basepairs (bp) and is 100% identical to one embodiment of SEQ ID NO: 54. Oligonucleotides with the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 55 and 56 can also be used to assay the base that is present at the position that corresponds to position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1, which in this case is position 1340 of SEQ ID NO: 307 and is position 55 of SEQ ID NO: 308.

For SEQ ID NOs: 2-306, similar interrelationships exist with SEQ ID NOs: 307-382 as are described hereinabove, and would be identifiable by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine sequence analysis techniques. It is noted that with respect to certain of SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, the complete nucleotide sequence of a genomic clone that includes the full length sequence that corresponds to these sequences has not been yet been added to the GENBANK® database by The Maize Sequencing Consortium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter.

All technical and scientific terms used herein, unless otherwise defined below, are intended to have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. References to techniques employed herein are intended to refer to the techniques as commonly understood in the art, including variations on those techniques or substitutions of equivalent techniques that would be apparent to one of skill in the art. While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter.

Following long-standing patent law convention, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the” refer to “one or more” when used in this application, including the claims. For example, the phrase “a marker” refers to one or more markers. Similarly, the phrase “at least one”, when employed herein to refer to an entity, refers to, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, or more of that entity, including but not limited to whole number values between 1 and 100 and greater than 100.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. The term “about”, as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount of mass, weight, time, volume, concentration or percentage is meant to encompass variations of in some embodiments ±20%, in some embodiments ±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in some embodiments ±1%, in some embodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments ±0.1% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in this specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presently disclosed subject matter.

As used herein, the term “allele” refers to a variant or an alternative sequence form at a genetic locus. In diploids, a single allele is inherited by a progeny individual separately from each parent at each locus. The two alleles of a given locus present in a diploid organism occupy corresponding places on a pair of homologous chromosomes, although one of ordinary skill in the art understands that the alleles in any particular individual do not necessarily represent all of the alleles that are present in the species.

As used herein, the phrase “associated with” refers to a recognizable and/or assayable relationship between two entities. For example, the phrase “associated with a yield trait” refers to a trait, locus, gene, allele, marker, phenotype, etc., or the expression thereof, the presence or absence of which can influence an extent, degree, and/or rate at which a plant or a part of interest thereof that has the yield trait grows.

As used herein, the term “backcross”, and grammatical variants thereof, refers to a process in which a breeder crosses a progeny individual back to one of its parents: for example, a first generation F1 with one of the parental genotypes of the F1 individual. In some embodiments, a backcross is performed repeatedly, with a progeny individual of each successive backcross generation being itself backcrossed to the same parental genotype.

As used herein, the term “chromosome” is used in its art-recognized meaning of the self-replicating genetic structure in the cellular nucleus containing the cellular DNA and bearing in its nucleotide sequence the linear array of genes. The Zea mays chromosome numbers disclosed herein refer to those as set forth in Perin et al., 2002, which relates to a reference nomenclature system adopted by L'institut National da la Recherché Agronomique (INRA; Paris, France).

As used herein, the phrase “consensus sequence” refers to a sequence of DNA built to identify nucleotide differences (e.g., SNP and Indel polymorphisms) in alleles at a locus. A consensus sequence can be either strand of DNA at the locus and states the nucleotide(s) at one or more positions (e.g., at one or more SNPs and/or at one or more Indels) in the locus. In some embodiments, a consensus sequence is used to design oligonucleotides and probes for detecting polymorphisms in the locus.

As used herein, the terms “cultivar” and “variety” refer to a group of similar plants that by structural or genetic features and/or performance can be distinguished from other varieties within the same species.

As used herein, the phrase “elite line” refers to any line that is substantially homozygous and has resulted from breeding and selection for superior agronomic performance.

As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a hereditary unit including a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and that contains the genetic instruction for a particular characteristic or trait in an organism.

As used herein, the phrase “genetic map” refers to the ordered list of loci usually relevant to position on a chromosome.

As used herein, the phrase “genetic marker” refers to a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a polymorphic nucleic acid sequence) that has been identified as associated with a locus or allele of interest and that is indicative of the presence or absence of the locus or allele of interest in a cell or organism. Examples of genetic markers include, but are not limited to genes, DNA or RNA-derived sequences, promoters, any untranslated regions of a gene, microRNAs, siRNAs, QTLs, transgenes, mRNAs, ds RNAs, transcriptional profiles, and methylation patterns.

As used herein, the term “genotype” refers to the genetic component of a phenotype of interest, a plurality of phenotypes of interest, or an entire cell or organism. Genotypes can be indirectly characterized using markers and/or directly characterized by nucleic acid sequencing.

As used herein, the term “heterozygous” refers to a genetic condition that exists in a cell or an organism when different alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. As used herein, the term “homozygous” refers to a genetic condition existing when identical alleles reside at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. It is noted that both of these terms can refer to single nucleotide positions, multiple nucleotide positions, whether contiguous or not, or entire loci on homologous chromosomes.

As used herein, the term “hybrid” refers to a seed and the plant the seed develops into that result from crossing at least two genetically different plant parents.

As used herein, the term “hybrid” when used in the context of nucleic acids, refers to a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, or duplex, formed by hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide bases. The terms “hybridize” and “anneal” refer to the process by which single strands of nucleic acid sequences form double-helical segments through hydrogen bonding between complementary bases.

As used herein, the phrase “ILLUMINA® GOLDENGATE® Assay” refers to a high throughput genotyping assay sold by Illumina Inc. of San Diego, Calif., United States of America that can generate SNP-specific PCR products. This assay is described in detail at the website of Illumina Inc. and in Fan et al., 2006.

As used herein, the term “improved”, and grammatical variants thereof, refers to a plant or a part, progeny, or tissue culture thereof, that as a consequence of having (or lacking) a particular yield associated allele (such as, but not limited to those yield associated alleles disclosed herein) is characterized by a higher or lower content of a yield associated trait, depending on whether the higher or lower content is desired for a particular purpose.

As used herein, the term “inbred” refers to a substantially homozygous individual or line. It is noted that the term can refer to individuals or lines that are substantially homozygous throughout their entire genomes or that are substantially homozygous with respect to subsequences of their genomes that are of particular interest.

As used herein, the phrase “immediately adjacent”, when used to describe a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to DNA containing a polymorphism, refers to a nucleic acid that hybridizes to a DNA sequence that directly abuts the polymorphic nucleotide base position. For example, a nucleic acid molecule that can be used in a single base extension assay is “immediately adjacent” to the polymorphism.

As used herein, the phrase “interrogation position” refers to a physical position on a solid support that can be queried to obtain genotyping data for one or more predetermined genomic polymorphisms.

As used herein, the terms “introgression”, “introgressed”, and “introgressing” refer to both a natural and artificial process whereby genomic regions of one species, variety, or cultivar are moved into the genome of another species, variety, or cultivar by crossing those species. Exemplary methods for introgressing a trait of interest include, but are not limited to breeding an individual that has the trait of interest to an individual that does not, and backcrossing an individual that has the trait of interest to a recurrent parent.

As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a nucleotide sequence (e.g., a genetic marker) that is free of sequences that normally flank one or both sides of the nucleotide sequence in a plant genome. As such, the phrase “isolated and purified genetic marker associated with a yield trait in Zea mays” can be, for example, a recombinant DNA molecule, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found flanking that recombinant DNA molecule in a naturally-occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, isolated nucleic acids include, without limitation, a recombinant DNA that exists as a separate molecule (including, but not limited to genomic DNA fragments produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) with no flanking sequences present, as well as a recombinant DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, or into the genomic DNA of a plant as part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid molecule.

As used herein, the term “linkage” refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to be transmitted together more often than expected by chance if their transmission were independent. Thus, two alleles on the same chromosome are said to be “linked” when they segregate from each other in the next generation in some embodiments less than 50% of the time, in some embodiments less than 25% of the time, in some embodiments less than 20% of the time, in some embodiments less than 15% of the time, in some embodiments less than 10% of the time, in some embodiments less than 9% of the time, in some embodiments less than 8% of the time, in some embodiments less than 7% of the time, in some embodiments less than 6% of the time, in some embodiments less than 5% of the time, in some embodiments less than 4% of the time, in some embodiments less than 3% of the time, in some embodiments less than 2% of the time, and in some embodiments less than 1% of the time.

As such, “linkage” typically implies and can also refer to physical proximity on a chromosome. Thus, two loci are linked if they are within in some embodiments 20 (cM), in some embodiments 15 cM, in some embodiments 12 cM, in some embodiments 10 cM, in some embodiments 9 cM, in some embodiments 8 cM, in some embodiments 7 cM, in some embodiments 6 cM, in some embodiments 5 cM, in some embodiments 4 cM, in some embodiments 3 cM, in some embodiments 2 cM, and in some embodiments 1 cM of each other. Similarly, a yield locus of the presently disclosed subject matter is linked to a marker (e.g., a genetic marker) if it is in some embodiments within 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 cM of the marker.

As used herein, the phrase “linkage group” refers to all of the genes or genetic traits that are located on the same chromosome. Within the linkage group, those loci that are close enough together can exhibit linkage in genetic crosses. Since the probability of crossover increases with the physical distance between loci on a chromosome, loci for which the locations are far removed from each other within a linkage group might not exhibit any detectable linkage in direct genetic tests. The term “linkage group” is mostly used to refer to genetic loci that exhibit linked behavior in genetic systems where chromosomal assignments have not yet been made. Thus, in the present context, the term “linkage group” is synonymous with the physical entity of a chromosome, although one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a linkage group can also be defined as corresponding to a region of (i.e., less than the entirety) of a given chromosome.

As used herein, the phrase “linkage disequilibrium” is defined as change from the expected relative frequency of gamete types in a population of many individuals in a single generation such that two or more loci act as genetically linked loci. If the frequency in a population of allele S is x, s is x′, B is y, and b is y′, then the expected frequency of genotype SB is xy, that of Sb is xy′, that of sB is x′y, and that of sb is x′y′, and any deviation from these frequencies is an example of disequilibrium.

As used herein, the term “locus” refers to an established position on a chromosome of a species, and which may encompass a single nucleotide, several nucleotides, or more in a genomic region.

As used herein, the term “maize” refers to a plant, or a part thereof, of the species Zea mays, also referred to herein as Zea mays L.

As used herein, the terms “marker” and “molecular marker” are used interchangeably to refer to an identifiable position on a chromosome the inheritance of which can be monitored and/or a reagent that is used in methods for visualizing differences in nucleic acid sequences present at such identifiable positions on chromosomes. Thus, in some embodiments a marker comprises a known or detectable nucleic acid sequence. Examples of markers include, but are not limited to genetic markers, protein composition, peptide levels, protein levels, oil composition, oil levels, carbohydrate composition, carbohydrate levels, fatty acid composition, fatty acid levels, amino acid composition, amino acid levels, biopolymers, starch composition, starch levels, fermentable starch, fermentation yield, fermentation efficiency (e.g., captured as digestibility at 24, 48, and/or 72 hours), energy yield, secondary compounds, metabolites, morphological characteristics, and agronomic characteristics. Molecular markers include, but are not limited to restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCPs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertion/deletion mutations (Indels), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), microsatellite repeats, sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCARs), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, and isozyme markers, microarray-based technologies, TAQMAN® markers, ILLUMINA® GOLDENGATE® Assay markers, nucleic acid sequences, or combinations of the markers described herein, which define a specific genetic and chromosomal location. The phrase a “molecular marker linked to an MTL” as defined herein can thus refer in some embodiments to SNPs, Indels, AFLP markers, or any other type of marker used in the field.

In some embodiments, a marker corresponds to an amplification product generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with one or more oligonucleotides, for example, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As used herein, the phrase “corresponds to an amplification product” in the context of a marker refers to a marker that has a nucleotide sequence that is the same (allowing for mutations introduced by the amplification reaction itself and/or naturally occurring and/or artificial alleleic differences) as an amplification product that is generated by amplifying Zea mays genomic DNA with a particular set of oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the amplifying is by PCR, and the oligonucleotides are PCR primers that are designed to hybridize to opposite strands of the Zea mays genomic DNA in order to amplify a Zea mays genomic DNA sequence present between the sequences to which the PCR primers hybridize in the Zea mays genomic DNA. The amplified fragment that results from one or more rounds of amplification using such an arrangement of primers is a double stranded nucleic acid, one strand of which has a nucleotide sequence that comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, the sequence of one of the primers, the sequence of the Zea mays genomic DNA located between the primers, and the reverse-complement of the second primer. Typically, the “forward” primer is assigned to be the primer that has the same sequence as a subsequence of the (arbitrarily assigned) “top” strand of a double-stranded nucleic acid to be amplified, such that the “top” strand of the amplified fragment includes a nucleotide sequence that is, in 5′ to 3′ direction, equal to the sequence of the forward primer—the sequence located between the forward and reverse primers of the top strand of the genomic fragment—the reverse-complement of the reverse primer. Accordingly, a marker that “corresponds to” an amplified fragment is a marker that has the same sequence of one of the strands of the amplified fragment.

As used herein, the phrase “marker assay” refers to a method for detecting a polymorphism at a particular locus using a particular method such as but not limited to measurement of at least one phenotype (such as seed color, oil content, or a visually detectable trait); nucleic acid-based assays including, but not limited to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), single base extension, electrophoresis, sequence alignment, allelic specific oligonucleotide hybridization (ASO), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microarray-based technologies, TAQMAN® Assays, ILLUMINA® GOLDENGATE® Assay analysis, nucleic acid sequencing technologies; peptide and/or polypeptide analyses; or any other technique that can be employed to detect a polymorphism in an organism at a locus of interest.

As used herein, the terms “ZmDWF1”, “ZmZfl2”, “ZmFea2”, “ZmZfl1”, “M1_(—)8138”, “ZmCat3”, “Zm013154”, “ZmSTP1”, “ZmCaT”, “ZmAlaAT”, “ZmD11/DWARF4L1”, “ZmDWARF4”, “ZmTD1”, “ZmBT2”, “ZmVrs1.1”, “ZmSPS1”, “ZmBRI1”, “ZmCaT2”, “ZmCKX1”, “ZmCKX4”, “ZmCKX7”, “ZmGW2-2”, “ZmKRN1”, and “ZmVRS1-3” refer to genomic regions and/or genetic loci that are linked to yield associated traits present on Zea mays chromosomes and as described in more detail hereinbelow. Exemplary genomic nucleotide sequences that are derived from these loci are summarized in Table 3 below.

The term “ZmDWF1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 5 that encodes a brassinosteroid biosynthesis-like protein (Tao et al., 2005). Exemplary gene products derived from the ZmDWF1 locus can be found in GENBANK® Accession Nos. NM_(—)001112090 and NP_(—)001105560.

The term “ZmZfl2” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 2 that encodes an ortholog of the FLORICAULA(FLO)/LEAFY(LFY) transcription factor of Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis (Bomblies & Doebley, 2006). Exemplary gene products derived from the ZmZfl2 locus can be found in GENBANK® Accession Nos. NM_(—)001111731 and NP_(—)001105201.

The term “ZmFea2” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 4 that was cloned from a maize mutant fasciated ear2 (Taguchi-Shiobara et al., 2001). Exemplary gene products derived from the ZmFea2 locus can be found in GENBANK® Accession Nos. NM_(—)001112192 and NP_(—)001105662.

The term “ZmZfl1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 10 that like ZmZfl2 encodes an ortholog of the FLORICAULA(FLO)/LEAFY(LFY) transcription factor of Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis (Bomblies & Doebley, 2005). Exemplary gene products derived from the ZmZfl1 locus can be found in GENBANK® Accession Nos. NM_(—)001111731 and NP_(—)001105201.

The term “M18138” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 3 that in some embodiments comprises nucleotides 72,844-73,394 of GENBANK® Accession No. AC183783.4.

The term “ZmCat3” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 4 that in some embodiments comprises nucleotides 7,286-7,792 of GENBANK® Accession No. AC194475.4.

The term “Zm013154” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 9 that in some embodiments comprises nucleotides 144,760-145,581 of GENBANK® Accession No. AC191304.3.

The term “ZmSTP1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 8 that encodes the Zea mays sucrose transporter 1 (Sauer, 2007).

The term “ZmCaT” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 8 that encodes a calcium transporter.

The term “ZmAlaAT” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 5 that encodes an alanine amino transferase involved in nitrogen assimilation.

The term “ZmD11/DWARF4L1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 2 encodes a Cytochrome P450 (C22-hydroxylase; Tanabe et al., 2005).

The term “ZmDWARF4” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 1 that encodes a Cytochrome P450 involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis.

The term “ZmTD1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 5 that encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) that is an ortholog of Arabidopsis CLAVATA1, which functions in the clavata pathway regulating meristem development (Bommert et al., 2005).

The term “ZmBT2” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 6 that encodes an enzyme involved in starch synthesis (Greene & Hannah, 1998; Hannah et al., 2001). In plants, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (AGP) are heterotetrameric enzymes composed of two large and two small subunits. ZmBT2 encodes the small subunit in Zea mays.

The term “ZmVrs1.1” refers to a locus in Zea mays that encodes the ortholog of a barley homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox transcription factor that was isolated from barley through positional cloning and proved to be responsible for mutation from two-rowed to six-rowed barley (Komatsuda et al., 2007).

The term “ZmSPS1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 8 that encodes a sucrose phosphate synthase 1. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC2.4.1.14), a key enzyme in the sucrose biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes the formation of sucrose-phosphate from UDP-glucose and fructose 6-phosphate.

The term “ZmBRI1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 8 that encodes an ortholog of the rice Brassinosteroid Insensitive-1 (OsBRI1) gene (Morinaka et al., 2006).

The term “ZmCaT2” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 3 that in some embodiments comprises nucleotides 128,894-131,524 of GENBANK® Accession No. AC216861.3.

The term “ZmCKX1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 3 that encodes a cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 2.

The term “ZmGW2-2” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 5 that encodes a RING-type protein with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

The term “ZmKRN1” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 1 that in some embodiments comprises nucleotides 3,574-5,838 of GENBANK® Accession No. AC177932.3.

The term “ZmVRS1-3” refers to a locus on Zea mays chromosome 1 that in some embodiments comprises nucleotides 118,003-120,435 of GENBANK® Accession No. AC197760.3.

As used herein, the phrase “native trait” refers to any existing monogenic or oligogenic trait in a certain crop's germplasm. When identified through molecular marker(s), the information obtained can be used for the improvement of germplasm through marker assisted breeding of the yield associated traits disclosed herein.

As used herein, the phrases “nucleotide sequence identity” refers to the presence of identical nucleotides at corresponding positions of two polynucleotides. Polynucleotides have “identical” sequences if the sequence of nucleotides in the two polynucleotides is the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. Sequence comparison between two or more polynucleotides is generally performed by comparing portions of the two sequences over a comparison window to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity, The comparison window is generally from about 20 to 200 contiguous nucleotides. The “percentage of sequence identity” for polynucleotides, such as 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99 or 100 percent sequence identity, can be determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window can include additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by: (a) determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions; (b) dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison; and (c) multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can also be conducted by computerized implementations of known algorithms, or by visual inspection. Readily available sequence comparison and multiple sequence alignment algorithms are, respectively, the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; Altschul et al., 1990; Altschul et al., 1997) and ClustalW programs, both available on the internet. Other suitable programs include, but are not limited to, GAP, BestFit, Plot Similarity, and FASTA, which are part of the Accelrys GCG Package available from Accelrys, Inc. of San Diego, Calif., United States of America. In some embodiments, a percentage of sequence identity refers to sequence identity over the full length of one of the sequences being compared. In some embodiments, a calculation to determine a percentage of sequence identity does not include in the calculation any nucleotide positions in which either of the compared nucleic acids includes an “n” (i.e., where any nucleotide could be present at that position).

As used herein, the phrases “progeny plant” refers to any plant resulting as progeny from a vegetative or sexual reproduction from one or more parent plants or descendants thereof. For instance, a progeny plant can be obtained by cloning or selfing of a parent plant or by crossing two parental plants and include selfings as well as the F1 F2 or still further generations. An F1 is a first-generation progeny produced from parents at least one of which is used for the first time as donor of a trait, while progeny of second generation (F2) or subsequent generations (F3, F4, and the like) are specimens produced from selfings, intercrosses, backcrosses, or other crosses of F1s, F2s, and the like. An F1 can thus be (and in some embodiments is) a hybrid resulting from a cross between two true breeding parents (i.e., parents that are true-breeding are each homozygous for a trait of interest or an allele thereof), while an F2 can be (and in some embodiments is) a progeny resulting from self-pollination of the F1 hybrids.

As used herein, the phrase “phenotypic marker” refers to a marker that can be used to discriminate between different phenotypes.

As used herein, the term “plant” refers to an entire plant, its organs (i.e., leaves, stems, roots, flowers etc.), seeds, plant cells, and progeny of the same. The term “plant cell” includes without limitation cells within seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. The phrase “plant part” refers to a part of a plant, including single cells and cell tissues such as plant cells that are intact in plants, cell clumps, and tissue cultures from which plants can be regenerated. Examples of plant parts include, but are not limited to, single cells and tissues from pollen, ovules, leaves, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, flowers, fruits, stems, shoots, and seeds; as well as scions, rootstocks, protoplasts, calli, and the like.

As used herein, the term “polymorphism” refers to the presence of one or more variations of a nucleic acid sequence at a locus in a population of one or more individuals. The sequence variation can be a base or bases that are different, inserted, or deleted. Polymorphisms can be, for example, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and Indels, which are insertions and deletions. Additionally, the variation can be in a transcriptional profile or a methylation pattern. The polymorphic sites of a nucleic acid sequence can be determined by comparing the nucleic acid sequences at one or more loci in two or more germplasm entries.

As used herein, the term “population” refers to a genetically heterogeneous collection of plants sharing a common genetic derivation.

As used herein, the term “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide which is capable of annealing to a nucleic acid target (in some embodiments, annealing specifically to a nucleic acid target) allowing a DNA polymerase to attach, thereby serving as a point of initiation of DNA synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product is induced (e.g., in the presence of nucleotides and an agent for polymerization such as DNA polymerase and at a suitable temperature and pH). In some embodiments, a plurality of primers are employed to amplify Zea mays nucleic acids (e.g., using the polymerase chain reaction; PCR).

As used herein, the term “probe” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., a single stranded nucleic acid or a strand of a double stranded or higher order nucleic acid, or a subsequence thereof) that can form a hydrogen-bonded duplex with a complementary sequence in a target nucleic acid sequence. Typically, a probe is of sufficient length to form a stable and sequence-specific duplex molecule with its complement, and as such can be employed in some embodiments to detect a sequence of interest present in a plurality of nucleic acids.

As used herein, the term “progeny” refers to any plant that results from a natural or assisted breeding of one or more plants. For example, progeny plants can be generated by crossing two plants (including, but not limited to crossing two unrelated plants, backcrossing a plant to a parental plant, intercrossing two plants, etc.), but can also be generated by selfing a plant, creating a double haploid, or other techniques that would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, the phrase “quantitative trait locus” (QTL; quantitative trait loci—QTLs) refers to a genetic locus (or loci) that control to some degree a numerically representable trait that, in some embodiments, is continuously distributed. In some embodiments, a QTL comprises a yield associated locus. As used herein, the phrase “yield associated locus” is used herein to refer to a chromosomal region containing alleles (e.g., in the form of genes or regulatory sequences) associated with the expression of a yield associated trait. Thus, a locus “associated with” a yield trait refers to one or more regions located on one or more chromosomes that includes at least one gene the expression of which influences yield and/or at least one regulatory region that controls the expression of one or more genes involved in one or more yield traits. The loci can be defined by indicating their genetic location in the genome of a given Zea mays plant using one or more molecular genomic markers. One or more markers, in turn, indicate a specific locus. Distances between loci are usually measured by the frequency of crossovers between loci on the same chromosome. The farther apart two loci are, the more likely that a crossover will occur between them. Conversely, if two loci are close together, a crossover is less likely to occur between them. Typically, one centiMorgan (cM) is equal to 1% recombination between loci. When a QTL can be indicated by multiple markers, the genetic distance between the end-point markers is indicative of the size of the QTL.

As used herein, the phrase “recombination” refers to an exchange of DNA fragments between two DNA molecules or chromatids of paired chromosomes (a “crossover”) over in a region of similar or identical nucleotide sequences. A “recombination event” is herein understood to refer to a meiotic crossover.

As used herein, the term “regenerate”, and grammatical variants thereof, refers to the production of a plant from tissue culture.

As used herein, the phrases “selected allele”, “desired allele”, and “allele of interest” are used interchangeably to refer to a nucleic acid sequence that includes a polymorphic allele associated with a desired trait. It is noted that a “selected allele”, “desired allele”, and/or “allele of interest” can be associated with either an increase in a desired trait or a decrease in a desired trait, depending on the nature of the phenotype sought to be generated in an introgressed plant.

As used herein, the phrase “single nucleotide polymorphism”, or “SNP”, refers to a polymorphism that constitutes a single base pair difference between two nucleotide sequences. As used herein, the term “SNP” also refers to differences between two nucleotide sequences that result from simple alterations of one sequence in view of the other that occurs at a single site in the sequence. For example, the term “SNP” is intended to refer not just to sequences that differ in a single nucleotide as a result of a nucleic acid substitution in one versus the other, but is also intended to refer to sequences that differ in 1, 2, 3, or more nucleotides as a result of a deletion of 1, 2, 3, or more nucleotides at a single site in one of the sequences versus the other. It would be understood that in the case of two sequences that differ from each other only by virtue of a deletion of 1, 2, 3, or more nucleotides at a single site in one of the sequences versus the other, this same scenario can be considered an addition of 1, 2, 3, or more nucleotides at a single site in one of the sequences versus the other, depending on which of the two sequences is considered the reference sequence. Single site insertions and/or deletions are thus also considered to be encompassed by the term “SNP”.

As used herein, the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” refers to conditions under which a polynucleotide hybridizes to its target subsequence, typically in a complex mixture of nucleic acids, but to essentially no other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and can be different under different circumstances.

Longer sequences typically hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, 1993. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at Tm, 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium). Exemplary stringent conditions are those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides).

Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Additional exemplary stringent hybridization conditions include 50% formamide, 5×SSC, and 1% SDS incubating at 42<C; or SSC, 1% SDS, incubating at 65° C.; with one or more washes in 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. For PCR, a temperature of about 36° C. is typical for low stringency amplification, although annealing temperatures can vary between about 32° C. and 48° C. (or higher) depending on primer length. Additional guidelines for determining hybridization parameters are provided in numerous references (see e.g., Ausubel et al., 1999).

As used herein, the phrase “TAQMAN® Assay” refers to real-time sequence detection using PCR based on the TAQMAN® Assay sold by Applied Biosystems, Inc. of Foster City, Calif., United States of America. For an identified marker a TAQMAN® Assay can be developed for the application in the breeding program.

As used herein, the term “tester” refers to a line used in a testcross with one or more other lines wherein the tester and the line(s) tested are genetically dissimilar. A tester can be an isogenic line to the crossed line.

As used herein, the term “trait” refers to a phenotype of interest, a gene that contributes to a phenotype of interest, as well as a nucleic acid sequence associated with a gene that contributes to a phenotype of interest. For example, a “yield trait” refers to a yield phenotype as well as a gene that contributes to a yield phenotype and a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., an SNP or other marker) that is associated with a yield phenotype.

As used herein, the term “transgene” refers to a nucleic acid molecule introduced into an organism or its ancestors by some form of artificial transfer technique. The artificial transfer technique thus creates a “transgenic organism” or a “transgenic cell”. It is understood that the artificial transfer technique can occur in an ancestor organism (or a cell therein and/or that can develop into the ancestor organism) and yet any progeny individual that has the artificially transferred nucleic acid molecule or a fragment thereof is still considered transgenic even if one or more natural and/or assisted breedings result in the artificially transferred nucleic acid molecule being present in the progeny individual.

As used herein, the term “yield” refers to any measure of a plant, its parts, or its structure that can be measured and/or quantitated in order to assess an extent of or a rate of plant growth and development. As such, a “yield trait” is any trait that can be shown to influence yield in a plant under any set of growth conditions.

Similarly, “yield” can be considered a “phenotype”, which as used herein refers to a detectable, observable, and/or measurable characteristic of a cell or organism. In some embodiments, a phenotype is based at least in part on the genetic make up of the cell or the organism (referred to herein as the cell or the organism's “genotype”). Exemplary yield phenotypes are grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN), grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP), and grain weight per plot (GWTPN). It is noted that as used herein, the term “phenotype” takes into account how the environment (e.g., environmental conditions) might affect yield such that the yield effect is real and reproducible.

II. Molecular Markers, Yield Associated Loci, and Compositions for Assaying Nucleic Acid Sequences

Molecular markers are used for the visualization of differences in nucleic acid sequences. This visualization can be due to DNA-DNA hybridization techniques after digestion with a restriction enzyme (e.g., an RFLP) and/or due to techniques using the polymerase chain reaction (e.g., STS, SSR/microsatellites, AFLP, and the like.). In some embodiments, all differences between two parental genotypes segregate in a mapping population based on the cross of these parental genotypes. The segregation of the different markers can be compared and recombination frequencies can be calculated. Methods for mapping markers in plants are disclosed in, for example, Glick & Thompson, 1993; Zietkiewicz et al., 1994. The recombination frequencies of molecular markers on different chromosomes are generally 50%. Between molecular markers located on the same chromosome, the recombination frequency generally depends on the distance between the markers. A low recombination frequency typically corresponds to a small genetic distance between markers on a chromosome. Comparing all recombination frequencies results in the most logical order of the molecular markers on the chromosomes. This most logical order can be depicted in a linkage map (Paterson, 1996). A group of adjacent or contiguous markers on the linkage map that is associated with increased yield can provide the position of an MTL associated with increased yield.

The presently disclosed subject matter provides markers associated with improved yield traits. In some embodiments, the one or more alleles are characterized by one or more loci selected from, but not limited to, the loci represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1-51 or 1-382, which are located on at least nine (9) different chromosomes as follows:

(i) SEQ ID NO: 1 is derived from the Zea mays ZmDWF1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (nucleotide position 55 of SEQ ID NO: 54; nucleotide position 1340 of SEQ ID NO: 307) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 1 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(ii) SEQ ID NO: 2 is derived from the Zea mays ZmZfl2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2 (nucleotide position 26 of SEQ ID NO: 59; nucleotide position 2411 of SEQ ID NO: 309) and the locus comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 of SEQ ID NO: 2 on Zea mays chromosome 2 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(iii) SEQ ID NO: 3 is derived from the Zea mays ZmZfl2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3 (nucleotide position 44 of SEQ ID NO: 64; nucleotide position 2706 of SEQ ID NO: 359) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 3 on Zea mays chromosome 2 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(iv) SEQ ID NO: 4 is derived from the Zea mays ZmZfl2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68; further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4 (nucleotide position 49 of SEQ ID NO: 69; nucleotide position 374 of SEQ ID NO: 309) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 4 on Zea mays chromosome 2 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(v) SEQ ID NO: 5 is derived from the Zea mays ZmFea2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 72 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 73; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5 (nucleotide position 34 of SEQ ID NO: 74; nucleotide position 4041 of SEQ ID NO: 313) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 5 on Zea mays chromosome 4 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(vi) SEQ ID NO: 6 is derived from the Zea mays ZmFea2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 78; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6 (nucleotide position 34 of SEQ ID NO: 79; nucleotide position 4041 of SEQ ID NO: 313) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 6 on Zea mays chromosome 4 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(vii) SEQ ID NO: 7 is derived from the Zea mays ZmFea2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7 (nucleotide position 35 of SEQ ID NO: 84; nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 313) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 7 on Zea mays chromosome 4 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(viii) SEQ ID NO: 8 is derived from the Zea mays ZmZfl1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8 (nucleotide position 56 of SEQ ID NO: 89; nucleotide position 3007 of SEQ ID NO: 317) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 8 on Zea mays chromosome 10 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(ix) SEQ ID NO: 9 is derived from the Zea mays ZmZfl1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9 (nucleotide position 39 of SEQ ID NO: 94; nucleotide position 2161 of SEQ ID NO: 317) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 9 on Zea mays chromosome 10 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(x) SEQ ID NO: 10 is derived from the Zea mays M18138 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10 (nucleotide position 93 of SEQ ID NO: 99; nucleotide position 399 of SEQ ID NO: 320) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 10 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xi) SEQ ID NO: 11 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCat3 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11 (nucleotide position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 104; nucleotide position 161 of SEQ ID NO: 322) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 11 on Zea mays chromosome 4 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xii) SEQ ID NO: 12 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCat3 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12 (nucleotide position 35 of SEQ ID NO: 109; nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 322) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 12 on Zea mays chromosome 4 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xiii) SEQ ID NO: 13 is derived from the Zea mays Zm013154 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13 (nucleotide position 37 of SEQ ID NO: 114; nucleotide position 284 of SEQ ID NO: 325) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 13 on Zea mays chromosome 9 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xiv) SEQ ID NO: 14 is derived from the Zea mays ZmSTP1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14 (nucleotide position 58 of SEQ ID NO: 119; nucleotide position 4372 of SEQ ID NO: 327) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 14 on Zea mays chromosome 8 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xv) SEQ ID NO: 15 is derived from the Zea mays ZmSTP1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 122 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 123; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (nucleotide position 63 of SEQ ID NO: 124; nucleotide position 4389 of SEQ ID NO: 327) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 15 on Zea mays chromosome 8 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xvi) SEQ ID NO: 16 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCaT locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16 (nucleotide position 32 of SEQ ID NO: 129; nucleotide position 1582 of SEQ ID NO: 330) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 16 on Zea mays chromosome 8 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xvii) SEQ ID NO: 17 is derived from the Zea mays ZmAlaAT locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 133; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17 (nucleotide position 63 of SEQ ID NO: 134; nucleotide position 385 of SEQ ID NO: 332) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 17 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xviii) SEQ ID NO: 18 is derived from the Zea mays ZmAlaAT locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 137 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 138; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18 (nucleotide position 67 of SEQ ID NO: 139; nucleotide position 491 of SEQ ID NO: 332) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 18 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xix) SEQ ID NO: 19 is derived from the Zea mays ZmAlaAT locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19 (nucleotide position 57 of SEQ ID NO: 144; nucleotide position 109 of SEQ ID NO: 332) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 19 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xx) SEQ ID NO: 20 is derived from the Zea mays ZmD11/DWARF4L1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20 (nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 149; nucleotide position 2419 of SEQ ID NO: 336) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 20 on Zea mays chromosome 2 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxi) SEQ ID NO: 21 is derived from the Zea mays ZmD11/DWARF4L1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 153; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21 (nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 154; nucleotide position 4077 of SEQ ID NO: 336) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 21 on Zea mays chromosome 2 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxii) SEQ ID NO: 22 is derived from the Zea mays ZmDWARF4 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 158; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22 (nucleotide position 70 of SEQ ID NO: 159; nucleotide position 378 of SEQ ID NO: 389) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 22 on Zea mays chromosome 1 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxiii) SEQ ID NO: 23 is derived from the Zea mays ZmDWARF4 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 163; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23 (nucleotide position 58 of SEQ ID NO: 164; nucleotide position 499 of SEQ ID NO: 339) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 23 on Zea mays chromosome 1 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxiv) SEQ ID NO: 25 is derived from the Zea mays ZmTD1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 167 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 168; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24 (nucleotide position 39 of SEQ ID NO: 169; nucleotide position 1033 of SEQ ID NO: 342) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 24 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxv) SEQ ID NO: 25 is derived from the Zea mays ZmTD1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 172 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 173; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25 (nucleotide position 87 of SEQ ID NO: 174; nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 392) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 25 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxvi) SEQ ID NO: 26 is derived from the Zea mays ZmTD1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 generated by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 177 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 178; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26 (nucleotide position 57 of SEQ ID NO: 179; nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 342) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 26 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxvii) SEQ ID NO: 27 is derived from the Zea mays ZmBT2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 182 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 183; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27 (nucleotide position 38 of SEQ ID NO: 184; nucleotide position 6921 of SEQ ID NO: 346) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 27 on Zea mays chromosome 6 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxviii) SEQ ID NO: 28 is derived from the Zea mays ZmBT2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 187 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 188; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28 (nucleotide position 79 of SEQ ID NO: 189; nucleotide position 6057 of SEQ ID NO: 346) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 28 on Zea mays chromosome 6 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxix) SEQ ID NO: 29 is derived from the Zea mays ZmVrs1.1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 192 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 193; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29 (nucleotide position 35 of SEQ ID NO: 194; nucleotide position 1719 of SEQ ID NO: 349) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 29 on a Zea mays chromosome that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxx) SEQ ID NO: 30 is derived from the Zea mays ZmVrs1.1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 197 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 198; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30 (nucleotide position 58 of SEQ ID NO: 199; nucleotide position 1657 of SEQ ID NO: 349) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 30 on a Zea mays chromosome that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxi) SEQ ID NO: 31 is derived from the Zea mays ZmSPS1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 202 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 203; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31 (nucleotide position 44 of SEQ ID NO: 204; nucleotide position 5512 of SEQ ID NO: 352) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 31 on Zea mays chromosome 8 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxii) SEQ ID NO: 32 is derived from the Zea mays ZmBRI1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 207 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 208; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32 (nucleotide position 40 of SEQ ID NO: 209; nucleotide position 1257 of SEQ ID NO: 354) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 32 on Zea mays chromosome 8 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxiii) SEQ ID NO: 33 is derived from the Zea mays ZmBRI1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 33 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 212 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 213; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33 (nucleotide position 45 of SEQ ID NO: 214; nucleotide position 1338 of SEQ ID NO: 354) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 33 on Zea mays chromosome 8 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxiv) SEQ ID NO: 34 is derived from the Zea mays ZmBRI1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 34 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34 (nucleotide position 25 of SEQ ID NO: 219; nucleotide position 1488 of SEQ ID NO: 354) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 34 on Zea mays chromosome 8 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxv) SEQ ID NO: 35 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCaT2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 35 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 222 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 223; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35 (nucleotide position 28 of SEQ ID NO: 224) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 35 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxvi) SEQ ID NO: 36 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCaT2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 36 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36 (nucleotide position 58 of SEQ ID NO: 229; nucleotide position 2488 of SEQ ID NO: 358) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 36 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxvii) SEQ ID NO: 37 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCaT2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 37 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 232 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 233; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37 (nucleotide position 24 of SEQ ID NO: 234; nucleotide position 634 of SEQ ID NO: 358) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 37 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxviii) SEQ ID NO: 38 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCKX1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 38 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 237 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 238; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38 (nucleotide position 28 of SEQ ID NO: 239) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 38 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xxxix) SEQ ID NO: 39 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCKX1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 39 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 242 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 243; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39 (nucleotide position 32 of SEQ ID NO: 244; nucleotide position 784 of SEQ ID NO: 363) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 39 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xl) SEQ ID NO: 40 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCKX1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 40 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 247 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 248; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40 (nucleotide position 77 of SEQ ID NO: 249; nucleotide position 2349 of SEQ ID NO: 363) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 40 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xli) SEQ ID NO: 41 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCKX1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 252 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 253; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41 (nucleotide position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 254; nucleotide position 925 of SEQ ID NO: 363) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 41 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xlii) SEQ ID NO: 42 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCKX4 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 42 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 257 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 258; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42 (nucleotide position 54 of SEQ ID NO: 259; nucleotide position 913 of SEQ ID NO: 368) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 42 on Zea mays chromosome 3 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xliii) SEQ ID NO: 43 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCKX7 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 262 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43 (nucleotide position 35 of SEQ ID NO: 264; nucleotide position 1772 of SEQ ID NO: 370) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 43 on a Zea mays chromosome that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xliv) SEQ ID NO: 44 is derived from the Zea mays ZmCKX7 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 267 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 268; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44 (nucleotide position 44 of SEQ ID NO: 269; nucleotide position 2012 of SEQ ID NO: 370) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 44 on a Zea mays chromosome that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xlv) SEQ ID NO: 45 is derived from the Zea mays ZmGW2-2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 45 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 272 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 273; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45 (nucleotide position 65 of SEQ ID NO: 274) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 45 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xlvi) SEQ ID NO: 46 is derived from the Zea mays ZmGW2-2 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 46 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46 (nucleotide position 79 of SEQ ID NO: 279) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 46 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xlvii) SEQ ID NO: 47 is derived from the Zea mays ZmKRN1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 47 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 282 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 283; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47 (nucleotide position 19 of SEQ ID NO: 284; nucleotide position 129 of SEQ ID NO: 375) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 47 on Zea mays chromosome 1 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xlviii) SEQ ID NO: 48 is derived from the Zea mays ZmVRS1-3 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 48 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48 (nucleotide position 76 of SEQ ID NO: 289; nucleotide position 2188 of SEQ ID NO: 377) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 48 on Zea mays chromosome 1 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(xlix) SEQ ID NO: 49 is derived from the Zea mays ZmVRS1-3 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 49 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 292 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 293; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49 (nucleotide position 44 of SEQ ID NO: 294; nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 377) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 49 on Zea mays chromosome 1 that confers an improved yield-associated trait;

(l) SEQ ID NO: 50 is derived from the Zea mays ZmDWF1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50 (nucleotide position 36 of SEQ ID NO: 299; nucleotide position 1610 of SEQ ID NO: 380) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 50 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait; and

(li) SEQ ID NO: 51 is derived from the Zea mays ZmDWF1 locus, and is defined by a first oligonucleotide and a second oligonucleotide, wherein said oligonucleotides can be emploued to amplify a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 51 by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid with a first oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 302 and a second oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 303; and further wherein this locus comprises alleles of a yield-associated trait wherein the alleles are characterized by a single nucleic polymorphism at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51 (nucleotide position 85 of SEQ ID NO: 304; nucleotide position 2886 of SEQ ID NO: 380) and comprises any part of a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, of 25 cM of SEQ ID NO: 51 on Zea mays chromosome 5 that confers an improved yield-associated trait.

In some embodiments, a DNA sequence associated within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 20, or 25 cM of a marker of the presently disclosed subject matter displays a genetic recombination frequency of less than about 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% with the marker of the presently disclosed subject matter. In some embodiments, the germplasm is a Zea mays line or variety.

The presently disclosed subject matter thus provides in some embodiments isolated and purified genetic markers associated with improved yield traits in Zea mays. In some embodiments, the markers comprise a nucleotide sequence that comprises the full length sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382, the complement of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382, or informative fragments thereof; or comprise a nucleotide sequence of at least 10, 15, 20, 25, or more contiguous nucleotides up to the full length of an amplification product from a DNA sample isolated from a maize, wherein the amplification product is produced by an amplification reaction using pairs of oligonucleotide primers comprising the following nucleotide sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53; SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 58; SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 63; SEQ ID NOs: 67 and 68; SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73; SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 78; SEQ ID NOs: 82 and 83; SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88; SEQ ID NOs: 92 and 93; SEQ ID NOs: 97 and 98; SEQ ID NOs: 102 and 103; SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108; SEQ ID NOs: 112 and 113; SEQ ID NOs: 117 and 118; SEQ ID NOs: 122 and 123; SEQ ID NOs: 127 and 128; SEQ ID NOs: 132 and 133; SEQ ID NOs: 137 and 138; SEQ ID NOs: 142 and 143; SEQ ID NOs: 147 and 148; SEQ ID NOs: 152 and 153; SEQ ID NOs: 157 and 158; SEQ ID NOs: 162 and 163; SEQ ID NOs: 167 and 168; SEQ ID NOs: 172 and 173; SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178; SEQ ID NOs: 182 and 183; SEQ ID NOs: 187 and 188; SEQ ID NOs: 192 and 193; SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198; SEQ ID NOs: 202 and 203; SEQ ID NOs: 207 and 208; SEQ ID NOs: 212 and 213; SEQ ID NOs: 217 and 218; SEQ ID NOs: 222 and 223; SEQ ID NOs: 227 and 228; SEQ ID NOs: 232 and 233; SEQ ID NOs: 237 and 238; SEQ ID NOs: 242 and 243; SEQ ID NOs: 247 and 248; SEQ ID NOs: 252 and 253; SEQ ID NOs: 257 and 258; SEQ ID NOs: 262 and 263; SEQ ID NOs: 267 and 268; SEQ ID NOs: 272 and 273; SEQ ID NOs: 277 and 278; SEQ ID NOs: 282 and 283; SEQ ID NOs: 287 and 288; SEQ ID NOs: 292 and 293; SEQ ID NOs: 297 and 298; and SEQ ID NOs: 302 and 303. In some embodiments, the probe comprises an isolated and purified genetic marker as disclosed herein and a detectable moiety.

The markers identified herein can be used is various aspects of the presently disclosed subject matter as set forth herein. Aspects of the presently disclosed subject matter are not to be limited to the use of the markers identified herein, however. It is stressed that the aspects can also make use of markers not explicitly disclosed herein or even yet to be identified.

DNA fragments associated with the presence of a yield associated trait including, but not limited to SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 169, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 249, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382, are also provided. In some embodiments, the DNA fragments associated with the presence of a yield associated trait have a predicted length and/or nucleic acid sequence, and detecting a DNA fragment having the predicted length and/or the predicted nucleic acid sequence is performed such that the amplified DNA fragment has a length that corresponds (plus or minus a few bases; e.g., a length of one, two or three bases more or less) to the predicted length. In some embodiments, a DNA fragment is an amplified fragment and the amplified fragment has a predicted length and/or nucleic acid sequence as does an amplified fragment produced by a similar reaction with the same primers with the DNA from the plant in which the marker was first detected or the nucleic acid sequence that corresponds (i.e., as a nucleotide sequence identity of more than 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) to the expected sequence as based on the sequence of the marker associated with that yield associated trait in the plant in which the marker was first detected. Upon a review of the instant disclosure, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that markers that are absent in plants while they were present in at least one parent plant (so-called trans-markers), can also be useful in assays for detecting a desired trait in an progeny plant, although testing for the absence of a marker to detect the presence of a specific trait is not optimal. The detecting of an amplified DNA fragment having the predicted length or the predicted nucleic acid sequence can be performed by any of a number of techniques, including but not limited to standard gel electrophoresis techniques and/or by using automated DNA sequencers. The methods are not described here in detail as they are well known to the skilled person.

The primer (in some embodiments an extension primer and in some embodiments an amplification primer) is in some embodiments single stranded for maximum efficiency in extension and/or amplification. In some embodiments, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. A primer is typically sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension and/or amplification products in the presence of the agent for polymerization. The minimum lengths of the primers can depend on many factors, including but not limited to temperature and composition (A/T vs. G/C content) of the primer.

In the context of an amplification primer, these are typically provided as one or more sets of bidirectional primers that include one or more forward and one or more reverse primers as commonly used in the art of DNA amplification such as in PCR amplification, As such, it will be understood that the term “primer”, as used herein, can refer to more than one primer, particularly in the case where there is some ambiguity in the information regarding the terminal sequence(s) of the target region to be amplified. Hence, a “primer” can include a collection of primer oligonucleotides containing sequences representing the possible variations in the sequence or includes nucleotides which allow a typical base pairing. Primers can be prepared by any suitable method. Methods for preparing oligonucleotides of specific sequence are known in the art, and include, for example, cloning, and restriction of appropriate sequences and direct chemical synthesis. Chemical synthesis methods can include, for example, the phospho di- or tri-ester method, the diethylphosphoramidate method and the solid support method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,068.

Primers can be labeled, if desired, by incorporating detectable moieties by for instance spectroscopic, fluorescence, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, or chemical moieties.

Template-dependent extension of an oligonucleotide primer is catalyzed by a polymerizing agent in the presence of adequate amounts of the four deoxyribonucleotides triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP; i.e., dNTPs) or analogues, in a reaction medium that comprises appropriate salts, metal cations, and a pH buffering system. Suitable polymerizing agents are enzymes known to catalyze primer- and template-dependent DNA synthesis. Known DNA polymerases include, for example, E. coli DNA polymerase or its Klenow fragment, T4 DNA polymerase, and Taq DNA polymerase, as well as various modified versions thereof. The reaction conditions for catalyzing DNA synthesis with these DNA polymerases are known in the art. The products of the synthesis are duplex molecules consisting of the template strands and the primer extension strands, which include the target sequence. These products, in turn, can serve as template for another round of replication. In the second round of replication, the primer extension strand of the first cycle is annealed with its complementary primer; synthesis yields a “short” product which is bound on both the 5′- and the 3′-ends by primer sequences or their complements. Repeated cycles of denaturation, primer annealing, and extension can result in the exponential accumulation of the target region defined by the primers. Sufficient cycles are run to achieve the desired amount of polynucleotide containing the target region of nucleic acid. The desired amount can vary, and is determined by the function which the product polynucleotide is to serve.

The PCR method is well described in handbooks and known to the skilled person. After amplification by PCR, the target polynucleotides can be detected by hybridization with a probe polynucleotide which forms a stable hybrid with that of the target sequence under stringent to moderately stringent hybridization and wash conditions. If it is expected that the probes will be essentially completely complementary (i.e., about 99% or greater) to the target sequence, stringent conditions can be used. If some mismatching is expected, for example if variant strains are expected with the result that the probe will not be completely complementary, the stringency of hybridization can be reduced. In some embodiments, conditions are chosen to rule out non-specific/adventitious binding. Conditions that affect hybridization, and that select against non-specific binding are known in the art, and are described in, for example, Sambrook & Russell, 2001. Generally, lower salt concentration and higher temperature increase the stringency of hybridization conditions.

In order to detect the presence of two yield associated alleles on a single chromosome in a plant, chromosome painting methods can also be used. In such methods at least a first yield associated allele and at least a second yield associated allele can be detected in the same chromosome by in situ hybridization or in situ PCR techniques. More conveniently, the fact that two yield associated alleles are present on a single chromosome can be confirmed by determining that they are in coupling phase: i.e., that the traits show reduced segregation when compared to genes residing on separate chromosomes.

The yield associated alleles identified herein are located on a number of different chromosomes or linkage groups and their locations can be characterized by a number of otherwise arbitrary markers. In the present investigations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), were used, although restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, microsatellite markers (e.g., SSRs), insertion mutation markers, sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, isozyme markers, microarray-based technologies, TAQMAN® Assays, ILLUMINA® GOLDENGATE® Assay analysis, nucleic acid sequencing technologies, or combinations of these markers might also have been used, and indeed can be used.

In general, providing complete sequence information for a yield associated allele is unnecessary, as the way in which the yield associated allele is first detected—through an observed correlation between the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism and the presence of a particular phenotypic trait—allows one to trace among a population of progeny plants those plants that have the genetic potential for exhibiting a particular phenotypic trait. By providing a non-limiting list of markers, the presently disclosed subject matter thus provides for the effective use of the presently disclosed yield associated alleles in a breeding program. In some embodiments, a marker is specific for a particular line of descent. Thus, a specific trait can be associated with a particular marker.

The markers as disclosed herein not only indicate the location of the yield associated allele, they also correlate with the presence of the specific phenotypic trait in a plant. It is noted that a single nucleotide polymorphism that indicates where a yield associated allele is present in the genome is non-limiting. In general, the location of a yield associated allele is indicated by a single nucleotide polymorphism that exhibit statistical correlation to the phenotypic trait. Once a marker is found outside a single nucleotide polymorphism (i.e., one that has a LOD-score below a certain threshold, indicating that the marker is so remote that recombination in the region between that marker and the yield associated allele occurs so frequently that the presence of the marker does not correlate in a statistically significant manner to the presence of the phenotype), the boundaries of the yield associated allele can be considered set. Thus, it is also possible to indicate the location of the yield associated allele by other markers located within that specified region. It is further noted that a single nucleotide polymorphism can also be used to indicate the presence of the yield associated allele (and thus of the phenotype) in an individual plant, which in some embodiments means that it can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) procedures.

In principle, the number of potentially useful markers can be very large. Any marker that is linked to a yield associated allele (e.g., falling within the physically boundaries of the genomic region spanned by the markers having established LOD scores above a certain threshold thereby indicating that no or very little recombination between the marker and the yield associated allele occurs in crosses, as well as any marker in linkage disequilibrium to the yield associated allele, as well as markers that represent the actual causal mutations within the yield associated allele) can be used in the presently disclosed methods and compositions, and are within the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter. This means that the markers identified in the application as associated with the yield associated allele (e.g., markers that are present in or comprise any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382) are non-limiting examples of markers suitable for use in the presently disclosed methods and compositions. Moreover, when a yield associated allele, or the specific trait-conferring part thereof, is introgressed into another genetic background (i.e., into the genome of another maize or another plant species), then some markers might no longer be found in the progeny although the trait is present therein, indicating that such markers are outside the genomic region that represents the specific trait-conferring part of the yield associated allele in the original parent line only and that the new genetic background has a different genomic organization. Such markers of which the absence indicates the successful introduction of the genetic element in the progeny are called “trans markers” and can be equally suitable with respect to the presently disclosed subject matter.

Upon the identification of a yield associated allele, the yield associated allele effect (e.g., the trait) can for instance be confirmed by assessing trait in progeny segregating for the yield associated alleles under investigation. The assessment of the trait can suitably be performed by using phenotypic assessment as known in the art for yield traits. For example, (field) trials under natural and/or irrigated conditions can be conducted to assess the traits of hybrid and/or inbred maize.

The markers provided by the presently disclosed subject matter can be used for detecting the presence of one or more yield trait alleles at loci of the presently disclosed subject matter in a suspected yield trait introgressed maize plant, and can therefore be used in methods involving marker-assisted breeding and selection of such yield trait bearing maize plants. In some embodiments, detecting the presence of a yield associated allele of the presently disclosed subject matter is performed with at least one of the markers for a yield associated allele as defined herein. The presently disclosed subject matter therefore relates in another aspect to a method for detecting the presence of a yield associated allele for at least one of the presently disclosed yield traits, comprising detecting the presence of a nucleic acid sequence of the yield associated allele in a trait bearing maize plant, which presence can be detected by the use of the disclosed markers.

In some embodiments, the detecting comprises determining the nucleotide sequence of a Zea mays nucleic acid associated with yield associated trait. The nucleotide sequence of a yield associated allele of the presently disclosed subject matter can for instance be resolved by determining the nucleotide sequence of one or more markers associated with the yield associated allele and designing internal primers for the marker sequences that can then be used to further determine the sequence of the yield associated allele outside of the marker sequences. For instance, the nucleotide sequence of the SNP markers disclosed herein can be obtained by isolating the markers from the electrophoresis gel used in the determination of the presence of the markers in the genome of a subject plant, and determining the nucleotide sequence of the markers by, for example, dideoxy chain termination sequencing methods, which are well known in the art. In some embodiments of such methods for detecting the presence of a yield associated allele in a trait bearing maize plant, the method can also comprise providing a oligonucleotide or polynucleotide capable of hybridizing under stringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic acid sequence of a marker linked to the yield associated allele, in some embodiments selected from the markers disclosed herein, contacting the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide with digested genomic nucleic acid of a trait bearing maize plant, and determining the presence of specific hybridization of the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide to the digested genomic nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the method is performed on a nucleic acid sample obtained from the trait-bearing maize plant, although in situ hybridization methods can also be employed. Alternatively, one of ordinary skill in the art can, once the nucleotide sequence of the yield associated allele has been determined, design specific hybridization probes or oligonucleotides capable of hybridizing under stringent hybridization conditions to the nucleic acid sequence of the yield associated allele and can use such hybridization probes in methods for detecting the presence of a yield associated allele disclosed herein in a trait bearing maize plant.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides compositions comprising amplification primer pairs capable of initiating polymerization by a nucleic acid polymerase on Zea mays nucleic acid templates to generate Zea mays marker amplicons. In some embodiments, the Zea mays marker amplicons correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 1-51 or 307-380, and/or informative fragments thereof. As used herein, the phrase “informative fragment” refers to a nucleotide sequence of any length that is present within any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, 25, or more nucleotides up to and including the full length of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382) that is indicative of the presence or absence of a genetic marker associated with improved yield traits in Zea mays. In some embodiments, an informative fragment comprises an SNP selected from among nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22; nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43; nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; and nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51.

III. Methods for Employing Markers and MTLs to Produce Improved Maize Plants by Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding

The presently disclosed subject matter provides methods for conveying selected yield traits into maize germplasm. In some embodiments, the methods comprise introgressing yield traits into maize using one or more nucleic acid markers for marker-assisted selection among maize lines to be used in a maize breeding program, wherein the markers are linked to yield traits. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid markers are selected from the group of markers listed in SEQ ID NOs: 1-382. In some embodiments, the marker-assisted selection comprises the use of an analysis technique selected from the group including, but not limited to, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, microsatellite analysis, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, TAQMAN® Assay analysis (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif., United States of America), and ILLUMINA® GOLDENGATE® Genotyping Assay analysis (Illumina Inc., San Diego, Calif., United States of America). In some embodiments, the methods further comprise screening an introgressed maize plant for an introgressed phenotypic trait.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for reliably and predictably introgressing yield traits into maize germplasm. In some embodiments, the methods comprise using one or more nucleic acid markers for marker-assisted selection among maize lines to be used in a maize breeding program, wherein the nucleic acid markers are selected from the group including, but not limited to, SEQ ID NOs: 1-382, and introgressing the desired trait into the non-trait carrying maize germplasm. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid markers are selected from the group including, but not limited to, markers for positive or negative alleles of yield traits. In some embodiments, the marker-assisted selection comprises the use of an analysis technique selected from the group including, but not limited to, SNP analysis, RAPD analysis, RFLP analysis, microsatellite analysis, AFLP analysis, TAQMAN® Assay analysis, and ILLUMINA® GOLDENGATE® Genotyping Assay analysis.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for the production of an inbred maize plant adapted for conferring improved yield traits in hybrid combination with a suitable second inbred. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) selecting a first donor parental line possessing a desired yield trait and having at least one of improved yield loci selected from Zea mays loci ZmDWF1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 1, 50, 51, 54, 299, 304, 307, 308, and 380-382; ZmZfl2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 2-4, 59, 64, 69, and 309-312; ZmFea2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 5-7, 74, 79, 89, and 313-316; ZmZfl1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 94, and 317-319; M1_(—)8138, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 10, 320, and 321; ZmCat3, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12, 109, and 322-324; Zm013154, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 13, 114, 325, and 326; ZmSTP1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15, 119, 124, and 327-329; ZmCaT, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 16, 129, 330, and 331; ZmAlaAT, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 17-19, 134, 139, 144, and 332-335; ZmD11/DWARF4L1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, 149, 154, and 336-338; ZmDWARF4, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 159, 164, and 339-341; ZmTD1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 24-26, 169, 174, 179, and 342-345; ZmBT2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 184, 189, and 346-348; ZmVrs1.1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, 194, and 349-351; ZmSPS1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 31, 352, and 353; ZmBRI1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 32-34, 209, 214, 219, and 354-357; ZmCaT2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 35-37, 224, 229, 234, and 358-361; ZmCKX1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 38-41, 239, 244, 249, 254, and 362-366; ZmCKX4, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 42, 259, 367, and 368; ZmCKX7, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 43, 44, 264, 269, and 369-371; ZmGW2-2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 274, 279, and 372-374; ZmKRN1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 47, 284, 375, and 376; and ZmVRS1-3 mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 48, 49, 289, 294, and 377-379; (b) crossing the first donor parent line with a second parental line in hybrid combination to produce a segregating plant population; (c) screening the segregating plant population for presence of an allele associated with improved yield; and (d) selecting plants from the population having the allele for further screening until a line is obtained which is homozygous for improved yield at sufficient loci to give improved yield in hybrid combination.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) selecting a first donor parental line possessing a desired inbred allele for a first yield trait and also possessing an inbred allele for a second yield trait; (b) crossing the first donor parent line with a second parental line in hybrid combination to produce an F1 generation, and producing an F2 from the F1 generation, wherein the F2 generation comprises a segregating plant population; (c) screening one or more members of the segregating plant population for presence of desired chromosomal loci associated with the first yield trait and with the second yield trait; (d) identifying a plant in the F2 generation, or a selfed and/or double haploid progeny of a plant from the F2 generation, that is homozygous for at least the first yield trait at sufficient loci to produce improved yield in hybrid combination; and (e) establishing from the homozygous plant identified in step (d) an inbred maize plant adapted for conferring, in hybrid combination with a suitable second inbred, a yield trait. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise screening the plants of the line that is homozygous for improved yield traits at sufficient loci to give improved yield in hybrid combination.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) providing a Zea mays plant which contains one or more alleles that confer improved yield, wherein each of the one or more alleles that confer improved yield is selected from among Zea mays loci ZmDWF1, ZmZfl2, ZmFea2, ZmZfl1, M1_(—)8138, ZmCat3, Zm013154, ZmSTP1, ZmCaT, ZmAlaAT, ZmD11/DWARF4L1, ZmDWARF4, ZmTD1, ZmBT2, ZmVrs1.1, ZmSPS1, ZmBRI1, ZmCaT2, ZmCKX1, ZmCKX4, ZmCKX7, ZmGW2-2, ZmKRN1, and ZmVRS1-3, and further wherein ZmDWF1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 50, 51, 54, 299, 307, 308, and 380-382; ZmZfl2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 2 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4, 59, 64, 69, and 309-312; ZmFea2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 4 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 5-7, 74, 79, 89, and 313-316; ZmZfl1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 10 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 89, 94, and 317-319; M1_(—)8138 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 99, 320, and 321; ZmCat3 maps to Zea mays chromosome 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 11, 104, 109, and 322-324; Zm013154 maps to Zea mays chromosome 9 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 114, 325, and 326; ZmSTP1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15, 119, 124, and 327-329; ZmCaT maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 129, 330, and 331; ZmAlaAT maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 17-19, 134, 139, 144, and 332-335; ZmD11/DWARF4L1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 2 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, 149, 154, and 336-338; ZmDWARF4 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 159, 164, and 339-341; ZmTD1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 24-26, 169, 174, 179, and 342-345; ZmBT2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 6 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 189, and 346-348; ZmVrs1.1 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, 194, 199, and 349-351; ZmSPS1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 31, 204, 352, and 353; ZmBRI1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 32-34, 209, 214, 219, and 354-357; ZmCaT2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 35-37, 224, 229, 234, and 358-361; ZmCKX1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 38-41, 239, 244, 249, 254, and 362-366; ZmCKX4 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 42, 259, 367, and 368; ZmCKX7 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 44, 264, 269, and 369-371; ZmGW2-2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 279, and 372-374; ZmKRN1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 284, 375, and 376; and ZmVRS1-3 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 48, 49, 289, 294, and 377-379; and (b) crossing the Zea mays plant provided in step (a) with Zea mays breeding material to produce one or more progeny individuals, whereby one or more Zea mays plants with improved yield are produced. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (c) collecting the seeds resulting from the cross in step (b); (d) regenerating the seeds into plants; (e) evaluating the plants of step (d) for improved yield; and (f) identifying and selecting plants which have improved yield.

In some embodiments, the detecting of the desired trait comprises detecting at least one allelic form of a polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In some embodiments, the detecting comprises amplifying the marker locus or a portion of the marker locus and detecting the resulting amplified marker amplicon. In some embodiments, the amplifying comprises: (a) admixing an amplification primer or amplification primer pair with a nucleic acid isolated from the first Zea mays plant or germplasm, wherein the primer or primer pair is complementary or partially complementary to at least a portion of the marker locus, and is capable of initiating DNA polymerization by a DNA polymerase using the maize nucleic acid as a template; and (b) extending the primer or primer pair in a DNA polymerization reaction comprising a DNA polymerase and a template nucleic acid to generate at least one amplicon. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is selected from DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, the at least one allele is an SNP allele and the method comprises detecting the SNP using allele specific hybridization (ASH) analysis. In some embodiments, the amplifying comprises employing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or ligase chain reaction (LCR) using a nucleic acid isolated from the first maize plant or germplasm as a template in the PCR or LCR.

As used herein, the term “favorable allele” refers to an allele the presence of which is desirable in a plant in order to achieve a desired goal. For example, a favorable allele can be an allele that is associated with higher or lower yield, depending on whether higher or lower yield is desired under specific circumstances. As such, a “favorable” allele for increased yield is in some embodiments an unfavorable allele for decreased yield, and vice versa.

Table 4 discloses exemplary SNPs that are associated with increases and decreases of various yield traits (e.g., YGSMN, GMSTP, and/or GWTPN). With respect to Table 4, the phrase “favorable allele” refers to an allele that when present results in a quantitatively higher yield versus the case when the “unfavorable allele” is present. It is noted, however, then in the case where a lower yield is desirable, the alleles listed in Table 4 as “unfavorable” would in fact be the favorable alleles. As such, in Table 4 “favorable” and “unfavorable” are employed in the context of increased yield, and would be reversed in the context of decreased yield.

TABLE 4 Summary of Favorable and Unfavorable Alleles for Increased Yield SEQ SNP Both TASSEL QIPDT2 ID NO. Position F U Trait F U Trait F U Trait 1 1333 G A GWTPN 2 2420 G C YGSMN C G GMSTP 3 2709 G T YGSMN T G GMSTP 4 368 T G YGSMN T G YGSMN T G GMSTP T G GWTPN 5 4038 T C GMSTP C T YGSMN T C GMSTP T C GMSTP 6 4038 C T YGSMN T C GMSTP 7 402 A G YGSMN G A GMSTP 8 3050 T G YGSMN G T GMSTP 9 2146 G A GMSTP 10 408 C T YGSMN T C GMSTP C T GWTPN 11 160 C G YGSMN G C GMSTP 12 311 C G YGSMN 13 338 A G YGSMN A G YGSMN G A GMSTP A G GWTPN 14 5356 A G GMSTP A G YGSMN G A GMSTP A G GMSTP 15 5371 C A YGSMN A C GMSTP 16 1587 A G YGSMN G A GMSTP 17 388 A G YGSMN G A GMSTP 18 494 T G YGSMN 19 112 T G YGSMN G T GMSTP 20 2458 T A YGSMN A T GMSTP 21 4037 T G YGSMN 22 849 T C YGSMN 23 966 G A GWTPN 24 1032 G C YGSMN C G GMSTP 25 286 A G YGSMN A G YGSMN G A GMSTP A G GWTPN 26 346 A C YGSMN 27 6968 A T YGSMN T A GMSTP 28 6083 A G YGSMN G A GMSTP 29 1729 A G YGSMN G A GMSTP 30 1668 C A YGSMN A C GMSTP 31 5516 G A GMSTP 32 1255 G A YGSMN G A GMSTP 33 1336 C G YGSMN 34 1486 G A YGSMN G A GMSTP 35 1742 A G YGSMN A G YGSMN A G GMSTP A G GMSTP 36 2457 C A GMSTP 37 631 T A YGSMN T A YGSMN 38 945 G A GMSTP G A GMSTP 39 2378 A G GMSTP A G GMSTP 40 2860 T A YGSMN T A YGSMN T A YGSMN A T GMSTP A T GMSTP 41 2519 G T GMSTP G T GMSTP G T GMSTP 42 903 A G YGSMN G T GMSTP 43 1795 A G YGSMN 44 2040 T C GMSTP 45 3597 T A YGSMN T A YGSMN A T GMSTP A T GMSTP 46 3611 A G YGSMN A G YGSMN A G GMSTP 47 131 G C GMSTP 48 2273 A T GMSTP 49 187 C G GMSTP 50 1603 C A YGSMN C A YGSMN C A YGSMN C A GMSTP 51 2859 A G YGSMN A G YGSMN A G YGSMN A G GMSTP

In some embodiments, the yield trait is YGSMN and the favorable allele (i.e., the allele associated with higher YGSMN) comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a G at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; an A at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a T at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a C at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a C at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; an A at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; a C at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; an A at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; an A at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a T at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; a T at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; a T at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a T at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; a T at nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22; a G at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; an A at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; an A at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; an A at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; an A at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; a C at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a C at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a T at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; a T at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; an A at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; an A at nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43; a T at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the yield trait is GMSTP, and the favorable allele (i.e., the allele associated with higher GMSTP) comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a C at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a T at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; a G at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a G at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a G at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a G at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a G at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; an A at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; a G at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; a G at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a G at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; an A at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a C at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; a G at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; a T at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; a G at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; a G at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; an A at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a C at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; a G at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; an A at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; an A at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; a G at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; a G at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; a T at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; an A at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a G at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; an A at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; a C at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the yield trait is GWTPN, and the favorable allele (i.e., the allele associated with higher GWTPN) comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; an A at nucleotide position 338 SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; or an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25.

Knowledge of the nucleotides present at these positions allows one of skill to determine whether or not the plant carries an allele of interest. If so, the plant can be chosen for further breeding. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that plants can be affirmatively chosen for further use based on identifying favorable alleles at specific genomic sites (e.g., those listed hereinabove). However, it is also noted that the absence of a favorable allele at a specific site can also be used to affirmatively reject a certain plant as a candidate for further breeding.

For example, increased yield in Zea mays is associated with markers that comprise SEQ ID NO: 4 and informative fragments thereof. As set forth in Table 4, a T nucleotide at position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is associated with increased grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN). Thus, identification of the nucleotide at position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4 in a plant can be employed to determine whether or not the plant is likely to carry an increased YGSMN allele associated with the locus represented by SEQ ID NO: 4. If the plant has a T nucleotide at position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4 in one or both of its chromosome 2s, it is a candidate for further breeding in those instances in which increased YGSMN is desirable.

However, as set forth in Table 4, having a G at nucleotide 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4 have the opposite effect of having a T at this position. Thus, Table 4 also indicates that if decreased YGSMN is desired, plants can be screened for what nucleotide is present at position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and those that have a G at this position in one or both of its chromosome 2s can be chosen under these circumstances, and those that have a T at this position in one or both of its chromosome 2s can be rejected. Thus, with respect to the alleles disclosed in Table 4, the “favorable” allele and the “unfavorable” allele can be considered to have opposite effects, and depending on the trait that is of interest, either can in fact be a favorable allele (affirmatively chosen) or an unfavorable allele (affirmatively rejected).

Similarly, Table 4 discloses that a T nucleotide at position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4 associated with increased grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP) and increased grain weight per plot (GWTPN), whereas a G nucleotide at this position is associated with decreased grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP) and increased grain weight per plot (GWTPN). Note, however, that for several of the alleles disclosed in Table 4, YGSMN, GMSTP, and GWTPN do not have the same allele being associated with increases in these phenotypes. For example, for the locus that is represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is associated with increased YGSMN and GWTPN, but is also associated with decreased GMSTP, and vice versa (i.e., a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is associated with decreased YGSMN and GWTPN, and is also associated with increased GMSTP). See also the locus associated with SEQ ID NO: 13, in which an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13 is associated with increased YGSMN and GWTPN, but with decreased GMSTP, while a G at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13 is associated with decreased YGSMN and GWTPN and with increased GMSTP.

In some embodiments, the at least one allele is correlated with at least one improved yield trait, the method comprising introgressing the allele in the first Zea mays plant or germplasm into a second Zea mays plant or germplasm to produce an introgressed Zea mays plant or germplasm. In some embodiments, the second Zea mays plant or germplasm displays more improved yield traits as compared to the first Zea mays plant or germplasm, and wherein the introgressed Zea mays plant or germplasm displays an increased improved yield trait as compared to the second Zea mays plant or germplasm.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for producing maize plants which carry improved yield traits. In some embodiments, the methods comprise providing a Zea mays plant which contains one or more alleles that confer improved yield, the alleles being characterized by one or more sets of loci. These alleles can be employed individually or in combinations. Combinations of yield traits selected for increase or decrease of yield can be employed to alter yield, and combinations of these yield traits can be introgressed into a single plant (i.e., “stacked”), if desired.

In some embodiments, a marker locus associated with an improved yield trait displays a genetic recombination frequency of less than about 50%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% with a genetic locus encoding a yield trait. In some embodiments, the marker locus associated with improved yield is selected from, but not limited to, marker loci localizing within the chromosome intervals of 20 cM. In some embodiments, the germplasm is a Zea mays line or variety.

In some embodiments, the detecting of the desired trait comprises detecting at least one allelic form of a polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In some embodiments, the detecting comprises amplifying the marker locus or a portion of the marker locus and detecting the resulting amplified marker amplicon. In some embodiments, the amplifying comprises (a) admixing an amplification primer or amplification primer pair with a nucleic acid isolated from the first Zea mays plant or germplasm, wherein the primer or primer pair is complementary or partially complementary to at least a portion of the marker locus and is capable of initiating DNA polymerization by a DNA polymerase using the maize nucleic acid as a template; and (b) extending the primer or primer pair in a DNA polymerization reaction comprising a DNA polymerase and a template nucleic acid to generate at least one amplicon. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is selected from DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, the at least one allele is an SNP allele and the methods comprise detecting the SNP using allele specific hybridization (ASH) analysis, TAQMAN® Assay Analysis (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif., United States of America), and/or the ILLUMINA® GOLDENGATE® Genotyping Assay analysis (Illumina Inc., San Diego, Calif., United States of America). In some embodiments, the amplifying comprises employing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or ligase chain reaction (LCR) using a nucleic acid isolated from the first maize plant or germplasm as a template in the PCR or LCR.

In some embodiments, the at least one allele is a favorable allele that positively correlates with an improved yield trait. In some embodiments, the at least one allele is a favorable allele that negatively correlates with an improved yield trait. In some embodiments, the at least one allele comprises two or more alleles. In some embodiments, the at least one allele is correlated with an improved yield trait and the methods comprise introgressing the allele in the first Zea mays plant or germplasm into a second Zea mays plant or germplasm to produce an introgressed Zea mays plant or germplasm. In some embodiments, the second Zea mays plant or germplasm is characterized by more improved yield traits as compared to the first Zea mays plant or germplasm, and wherein the introgressed Zea mays plant or germplasm displays an increase in the number of improved yield traits as compared to the second Zea mays plant or germplasm.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for introgressing an allele associated with a pre-selected yield trait into Zea mays germplasm. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) selecting from a population of Zea mays plants at least one Zea mays plant that comprises an allele of a yield locus associated with a pre-selected yield trait, wherein the yield locus is genetically linked to at least one marker locus that co-segregates with the yield associated trait, and further wherein the yield locus comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to a Zea mays genomic sequence selected from the group including, but not limited to, nucleotides 120,519-124,445 of AC212758.3; nucleotides 112,287-116,332 of AC194054.3; nucleotides 75,839-80,262 of AC193511.3; nucleotides 71,468-75,810 of AC203811.3; nucleotides 72,844-73,394 of AC183783.4; nucleotides 7,792-7,286 of AC194475.4; nucleotides 144,760-145,581 of AC191304.3; nucleotides 76,203-83,388 of AC203908.3; nucleotides 44,222-42,385 of AC203862.4; nucleotides 75,523-74,913 of AC214133.3; nucleotides 103,642-109,297 of AC213693.3; nucleotides 146,835-143,989 of AC217909.3; nucleotides 35,122-41,268 of AC209026.3; nucleotides 107,472-98,966 of AC190718.3; nucleotides 73,707-76,406 of AC187394.3; nucleotides 107,773-116,081of AC193939.3; nucleotides 140,199-137,838 of AC199011.4; nucleotides 128,894-131,524 of AC216861.3; nucleotides 25,980-28,719 of AC225703.1; nucleotides 84,395-79,281 of AC203958.4; nucleotides 39,028-36,915 of AC197220.4; nucleotides 195,470-192,503 of AC211190.4; nucleotides 5,838-3,574 of AC177932.3; nucleotides 120,435-118,003 of AC197760.3; nucleotides 120,519-124,445 of AC212758.3; and (b) introgressing the allele of the yield locus associated with the pre-selected yield trait into Zea mays germplasm that lacks the allele.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for introgressing an allele associated with a pre-selected yield trait into Zea mays germplasm. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) selecting from a population of Zea mays plants at least one Zea mays plant comprising at least one allele associated with a pre-selected yield trait, wherein the allele comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group including, but not limited to, SEQ ID NOs: 55, 56, 60, 61, 65, 66, 70, 71, 75, 76, 80, 81, 86, 90, 91, 95, 96, 100, 101, 105, 106, 110, 111, 115, 116, 120, 121, 125, 126, 130, 135, 136, 140, 141, 145, 146, 150, 151, 155, 156, 160, 161, 165, 166, 170, 171, 176, 180, 181, 185, 186, 190, 191, 195, 196, 200, 201, 205, 206, 210, 211, 215, 220, 221, 225, 226, 230, 231, 235, 236, 240, 241, 245, 246, 250, 251, 255, 256, 261, 265, 266, 270, 271, 275, 276, 280, 281, 285, 286, 290, 291, 295, 296, 300, 305, and 306; and (b) introgressing the allele associated with the pre-selected yield trait into Zea mays germplasm that lacks the allele.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for introgressing an allele associated with a pre-selected yield trait into Zea mays germplasm. In some embodiments, the methods comprise (a) selecting from a population of Zea mays plants at least one Zea mays plant that comprises an allele of a yield locus associated with a pre-selected yield trait, wherein the yield locus is selected from the group including, but not limited to, Zea mays loci ZmDWF1, ZmZfl2, ZmFea2, ZmZfl1, M1_(—)8138, ZmCat3, Zm013154, ZmSTP1, ZmCaT, ZmAlaAT, ZmD11/DWARF4L1, ZmDWARF4, ZmTD1, ZmBT2, ZmVrs1.1, ZmSPS1, ZmBRI1, ZmCaT2, ZmCKX1, ZmCKX4, ZmCKX7, ZmGW2-2, ZmKRN1, and ZmVRS1-3, and further wherein: (1) ZmDWF1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 50, 51, 54, 299, 304, 307, 308, and 380-382; (2) ZmZfl2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 2 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4, 59, 64, 69, and 309-312; (3) ZmFea2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 4 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-7, 74, and 313-316; (4) ZmZfl1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 10 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 89, 94, and 317-319; (5) M1_(—)8138 to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 99, 320, and 321; (6) ZmCat3 maps to Zea mays chromosome 4 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12, 104, and 322-324; (7) Zm013154 maps to Zea mays chromosome 9 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 114, 325, and 326; (8) ZmSTP1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15, 119, 124, and 327-329; (9) ZmCaT maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 129, 330, and 331; (10) ZmAlaAT maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 17-19, 134, 139, 144, and 332-335; (11) ZmD11/DWARF4L1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 2 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, 149, 154, and 336-338; (12) ZmDWARF4 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 159, 164, and 339-341; (13) ZmTD1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 24-26, 169, 174, 179, and 342-345; (14) ZmBT2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 6 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 184, 189, and 346-348; (15) ZmVrs1.1 maps to a Zea mays chromosome and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, 194, 199, and 349-351; (16) ZmSPS1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 31, 204, 352, and 353; (17) ZmBRI1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 8 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 32-34, 209, 214, 219, and 354-357; (18) ZmCaT2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 35-37, 224, 229, 234, and 358-361; (19) ZmCKX1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 38-41, 239, 244, 249, 254, and 362-366; (20) ZmCKX4 maps to Zea mays chromosome 3 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 42, 259, 367, and 368; (21) ZmCKX7 maps to a Zea mays chromosome and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 44, 264, 269, and 369-371; (22) ZmGW2-2 maps to Zea mays chromosome 5 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 274, 279, and 372-374; (23) ZmKRN1 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 284, 375, and 375; and (24) ZmVRS1-3 maps to Zea mays chromosome 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 5448, 49, 294, and 377-379; and (b) introgressing the allele of the yield locus into Zea mays germplasm that lacks the allele, whereby an allele associated with a pre-selected yield trait is introgressed into Zea mays germplasm. In some embodiments, the percent identity is over at least 25, 50, 75, or 100 nucleotides of the indicated SEQ ID NO. In some embodiments, the percent identity is over the full length of the indicated SEQ ID NO. In some embodiments, the percent identity excludes consideration of any position at which the indicated SEQ ID NO. includes an “n” nucleotide from the percent identity calculation.

IV. Production of Improved Trait Carrying Maize Plants by Transgenic Methods

The use of SNPs as defined or trait-conferring parts, for producing a trait carrying maize plant, which by introducing a nucleic acid sequence comprising the trait-associated allele of the SNP into a recipient plant.

A donor plant, with the nucleic acid sequence that comprises a yield trait allele can be transferred to the recipient plant lacking the allele. The nucleic acid sequence can be transferred by crossing a yield trait carrying donor plant with a non-trait carrying recipient plant (i.e., by introgression), by transformation, by protoplast transformation or fusion, by a doubled haploid technique, by embryo rescue, or by any other nucleic acid transfer system. Then if desired optionally of progeny plants comprising one or more of the presently disclosed yield trait alleles can be selected. A nucleic acid sequence comprising an yield trait allele can be isolated from the donor plant using methods known in the art, and the this isolated nucleic acid sequence can transform the recipient plant by transgenic methods. This can occur with a vector, in a gamete, or other suitable transfer element, such as a ballistic particle coated with the nucleic acid sequence.

Plant transformation generally involves the construction of an expression vector that will function in plant cells and includes nucleic acid sequence that comprises an allele associated with the yield trait, which vector can comprise a yield trait-conferring gene. This gene usually is controlled or operatively linked to one or more regulatory element, such as a promoter. The expression vector can contain one or more such operably linked gene/regulatory element combinations, provided that at least one of the genes contained in the combinations encodes yield trait. The vector(s) can be in the form of a plasmid, and can be used, alone or in combination with other plasmids, to provide transgenic plants that are better yield plants, using transformation methods known in the art, such as the Agrobacterium transformation system.

Transformed cells often contain a marker allow transformation identification. The marker is adapted to be recovered by negative selection (by inhibiting the growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene), or by positive selection (by screening for the product encoded by the marker gene). Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are known in the art, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent that can be an antibiotic or a herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. Several positive selection methods are known in the art, such as mannose selection. Alternatively, marker-less transformation can be used to obtain plants without the aforementioned marker genes, the techniques for which are also known in the art.

V. Improved Plants, and Plant Parts, Seeds, Tissue Cultures, and Biomass Derived Therefrom

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides improved maize plants, parts, seeds, progeny, and tissue cultures produced by any of the presently disclosed methods.

In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter provides improved maize plants or a part, seed, progeny, and/or tissue culture thereof, which evidences a selected yield trait (e.g., a trait associated with YGSMN, GMSTP, and/or GWTPN), a genome homozygous with respect to one or more genetic alleles which are present in a first parent and not present in a second parent of the improved maize plant, in some embodiments, (a) the second parent evidences a more improved yield trait (e.g., a more improved a trait associated with YGSMN, GMSTP, and/or GWTPN trait) than the first parent; and (b) the improved plant comprises one or more alleles from the first parent that evidence an improved yield trait in hybrid combination in at least one locus selected from (i) a YGSMN locus with a desired YGSMN allele; (ii) a GMSTP locus with a desired GMSTP allele; and/or (iii) a GWTPN locus with a desired a trait associated with YGSMN, GMSTP, and/or GWTPN allele; and the desired trait is not significantly less than that of the first parent in the same hybrid combination and yield characteristics which are not significantly different than those of the second parent in the same hybrid combination.

In some embodiments, the improved maize plants, or parts, seeds, progeny, and tissue cultures thereof, comprise progeny of a cross between first and second inbred or hybrid lines, wherein one or more alleles conferring selected yield traits (e.g., YGSMN, GMSTP, and/or GWTPN traits) are present in a homozygous state in the genome of one or the other or both of the first and second inbred or hybrid lines, such that the genome of the first and second inbreds or hybrids together donate to the improved maize plant or part thereof a complement of alleles sufficient to confer the improved yield trait(s). The presently disclosed subject matter also provides hybrids, or a part thereof, formed with the presently disclosed improved maize plants.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides maize plants, or parts, seeds, and tissue cultures thereof, formed by selfing the presently disclosed improved yield traited hybrid(s).

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides maize plants, or parts, seeds, progeny, and tissue cultures thereof, that have one or more desired yield traits produced by the presently disclosed methods. In some embodiments, the maize plants that have one or more improved yield traits are hybrid maize. The presently disclosed subject matter also provides biomass and seed produced by the presently disclosed maize plants.

As such, the presently disclosed subject matter provides improved maize plants, or parts, seeds, progeny, tissue cultures, and biomass derived thereof, which evidence a selected yield trait, optionally wherein the genome of the improved maize plant, or the part, seed, progeny, or tissue culture thereof is homozygous with respect to one or more genetic alleles associated with the selected trait.

In some embodiments, the improved maize plant, or the part, seed, progeny, or tissue culture thereof comprises a genome that is homozygous with respect to one or more genetic alleles that are present in a first parent and not present in a second parent of the improved maize plant. In some embodiments, the second parent evidences more improved yield traits than the first parent, and the improved plant comprises one or more alleles from the first parent that evidence improved yield traits in hybrid combination in at least one locus selected from, but not limited to, a YGSMN locus with a desired YGSMN allele, a GMSTP locus with a desired GMSTP allele, and/or a GWTPN locus with a desired GWTPN allele, and the desired trait is not significantly less than that of the first parent in the same hybrid combination and yield characteristics which are not significantly different than those of the second parent in the same hybrid combination.

In some embodiments, the improved maize plants or parts thereof comprise progeny of a cross between first and second inbred or hybrid lines, wherein one or more alleles conferring selected yield traits are present in a homozygous state in the genome of one or the other or both of the first and second inbred or hybrid lines, such that the genome of the first and second inbreds or hybrids together donate to the improved maize plant or part thereof a complement of alleles sufficient to confer the improved yield trait(s). The presently disclosed subject matter also provides hybrids, or a part thereof, formed with the presently disclosed improved maize plants.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides maize plants, or a part thereof, formed by selfing the presently disclosed improved yield traited hybrids.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides maize plants that have desired yield traits occurring in maize produced by the presently disclosed methods. In some embodiments, the maize plants that have improved yield traits are hybrid maize. The presently disclosed subject matter also provides biomass and seed produced by the presently disclosed maize plants.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides Zea mays plants having one or more improved yield traits associated with the presence of an allele comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs. 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 169, 174, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 249, 254, 259, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382 in a homozygous genetic background.

The presently disclosed subject matter also provides parts of the plants defined herein. In some embodiments, the plant part is pollen, ovule, leaf, embryo, root, root tip, anther, flower, fruit, stem, shoot, seed; cell, rootstock, protoplast, or callus.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples provide illustrative embodiments. In light of the present disclosure and the general level of skill in the art, those of skill will appreciate that the following Examples are intended to be exemplary only and that numerous changes, modifications, and alterations can be employed without departing from the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter.

Example 1 Assessment of the Phenotypic Data

In order to identify alleles that were associated with high yield, hybrids were grown in different stages at multiple locations and evaluated for yield. In this analysis, three traits were tested in stage 2-3: YGSMN (grain yield at standard moisture %), GMSTP (grain moisture at harvest), and GWTPN (grain weight per plot). The distribution of the phenotypic data of hybrids of the lines across locations and testers for YGSMN, GMSTP, and GWTPN, was determined. The mean values were 201.68 bushels/acre, 18.95%, and 25.29 bushels/plot respectively. The phenotypic data for the selected trials included information from 69 locations. The number of observations in these locations ranged from 1 to 725. A total of 890 inbreds were evaluated in crosses with 33 different inbred testers. The number of observations for inbred lines crossed to a particular tester ranged from 4 to 2167 across all locations. An empirical threshold of a minimum of ˜300 was set to select 10 subsets of lines with each subset crossed to a particular tester, and 10 subsets of lines with each subset were evaluated in a particular location.

The testing for associations between potential markers and these three traits employed two analytical approaches: a Mixed Linear Models—(TASSEL) and a Quantitative Inbred Pedigree Disequilibrium Test (referred to herein as “QIPDT2”). As set forth in more detail hereinbelow, significant associations using Bonferroni thresholds were identified for 59 alleles at 24 different loci.

Example 2 Phenotypic Adjustments

The use of stage 2-3 data for association mapping is not a traditional approach, and there are several aspects of its analysis that needed to be considered. Moreover, hybrids with various testers, instead of the lines perse, were employed for phenotyping, while both of the statistical approaches (TASSEL and QIPDT2) were designed for data on inbred lines which require a unique trait value for each line. To obtain a unique trait value for each inbred line that could be compared against its genotype, it was necessary to make phenotypic adjustments that help to control the effect of tester and/or location. Additional factors (e.g., maturity group) were not considered to avoid the further reduction of degrees of freedom or subsets sample sizes.

To do the phenotypic adjustments, mixed linear model analyses were performed in two different statistical packages, SAS/JMP and R, which were intended to ensure that the mixed-model approaches for the large data set were implemented correctly. Since approaches gave very close results, the SAS/JMP results were used for the downstream data analysis.

The “full model” analysis included effects of both locations and testers in the model as follows:

Phenotype=Location effect (random)+Line effect (random)+Tester effect (fixed)+error term

The “by Location” model was used for each of the 10 selected locations as follows:

Phenotype=Line effect (random)+Tester effect (fixed)+error term

The “by Tester” model was used for each of the 10 selected subsets of lines crossed to a particular tester as follows:

Phenotype=Location effect (random)+Line effect (random)+error term

The 21 models per trait (1 full model, 10 by-location models and 10 by-tester models) were evaluated for convergence, estimation of covariance estimates, significance of fixed effects, etc. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) for line effects were used as adjusted genotypes. In some cases, the proposed mixed models did not converge or there was a problem with the estimation of line effects due to the lack of replications. For each such case, the effect of the line was removed from the model and the residuals were used as a rough method to capture line effects (additional replication was obtained later in the association analysis where each biallelic locus was represented by the total number of inbred lines of each group).

The solution for the lines random effects (BLUPs) were obtained from the mixed models that converged.

Example 3 Genotypic Data

A total of 890 lines for which phenotypic data was collected in any of the selected trials were also genotyped. A total of 61 SNPs corresponding to 17 candidate genes were scored in the inbred lines. After eliminating monomorphic assays and SNPs with allele frequencies less than 0.01, 46 candidate SNPs were tested for association in TASSEL. Besides, 299 random SNPs were genotyped in the inbred lines. After filtering, 259 random SNPs were also analyzed for association in TASSEL as anonymous candidates.

Example 4 Methodologies for Association Analysis

Kinship Analysis.

The method implemented in TASSEL uses a kinship matrix in the mixed-model approach for controlling genetic correlations among lines. Kinship analysis was done using genotypic data on the 299 random SNP assays. A method to estimate kinship relationships based on Zhao et al., 2007 was adopted. Scripts were created to calculate Kinship coefficients that were defined simply as the proportion of shared alleles for each pair of individuals (K pShared). Zhao et al. used the proportion of shared haplotypes as their kinship coefficients. The matrix of K coefficients was included for some association models in TASSEL to assess the control for spurious associations due to close interrelatedness of the lines in the panel.

Kinship Coefficient Matrix Calculator.

The K matrix was calculated for a set of inbred lines. The kinship coefficient kij was calculated as proportion of shared alleles for all loci between two lines i and j, and kij=kji, kii=1.

Population Structure Analysis.

Analysis with the software program Structure (Pritchard et al., 2000) was done using genotypic data of the 299 random SNP assays.

A linkage model that incorporated population admixture and linkage between the markers was employed. The likelihoods of population structures ranging from k=1 to 15 subpopulations were determined using a burnin period of 50,000 followed by 50,000 MCMC reps. Four replications were run for each value of k. The estimated log probability of data Pr(X|K) for each value of k was plotted to choose an appropriate number of subpopulations to include in the covariance matrix.

The probability for a determinate k increased along with the number of k tested until it reached k=6, and then started to decrease, k=6 was used as the number of subpopulations for association analysis. The inferred ancestry table containing the fraction of each subpopulation contributing to the ancestry of each inbred was used as a series of covariates in the association testing model.

Principal Component Analysis.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or “Eigen analysis” was used as an alternative to Structure for inferring population structure from genotypic data. PCA has some advantages over Structure such as the ability to handle large datasets in much shorter periods of time, and avoiding the need of selecting a specific number of sub-populations. PCA was performed using the software SMARTPCA that is part of Eigenstrat (Price et al., 2006). Ten Eigenvectors and their corresponding Eigenvalues for each of the lines were used as another covariate series for the association models of TASSEL.

Example 5 Association Analysis using TASSEL

Association Models in TASSEL.

The different models employed in TASSEL are shown in the Table 5. For the YGSMN and GMSTP phenotypes adjusted across locations and testers, the six (6) models were run and compared. Only Model 4 was run for all the sub-sets by location and by tester.

TABLE 5 Association Models Employed in TASSEL General Lineal Models 1) Adj. Phenotype = Marker 2) Adj. Phenotype = Marker + Q (Structure) 3) Adj. Phenotype = Marker + PCA (Eigenvalues) Mixed Lineal Models 4) Adj. Phenotype = Marker + K (pshared)* 5) Adj. Phenotype = Marker + K (pshared) + Q (Structure) 6) Adj. Phenotype = Marker + K (pshared) + PCA (Eigenvalues)

The GLM procedure in TASSEL employed an option to perform permutations to find out the experiment-wise error rate that corrected for accumulation of false positives when doing multiple comparisons. A total of 10,000 permutations were used for the yield data. The MLM procedure did not include correction for multiple testing. The Bonferroni correction was used a posteriori to avoid accumulation of false positives.

Example 6 Association Analysis using QIPDT2

QIPDT2 (Quantitative inbred Pedigree Disequilibrium Test 2) was used for association mapping that takes advantage of inbred pedigree information, which may give higher statistical power and lower false positive rates with a better control of population structure issue (Stich et al. 2006, TAG 113:1121-1130). This is an extension of QIPDT originally developed for mapping human disease genes (Zhang et al, 2001. Genetic Epidemiol 21:370-375—see reference in Stich et al 2006). An advantage of QIPDT2 is that this method can be more easily applied to materials from early breeding stages (e.g., stage 2 and 3) because phenotypic data on these materials have been collected for breeding purposes. Generally speaking, the materials from early breeding stages are similar to the lines in the well-known nested association populations (NAM), which was designed to use both linkage and linkage disequilibrium for mapping QTL.

The original QIPDT is a test statistic, T, which is calculated in the following way (Stich et al. 2006):

${T = \frac{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\; D_{k}}{\sqrt{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\; D_{k}^{2}}}},{{following}\mspace{14mu} {N\left( {0,1} \right)}\mspace{11mu} {under}\mspace{11mu} H_{0}}$ ${D_{k} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n_{k}}\; U_{jk}}},{{E\left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p}\; D_{k}} \right)} = {0\mspace{14mu} {under}\mspace{11mu} H_{0}}}$ $U_{jk} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{t_{jk}}\; {\left( {Y_{ijk} - \overset{\_}{Y_{k}}} \right)X_{ijk}}}$

-   -   Y_(k) —mean trait value for extended pedigree k     -   X_(ijk)—marker value (−1, 0, 1)         In the general approach, a T value is calculated for each SNP,         and its p value is found from standard normal distribution.         While this approach is useful for testing the statistical         significance of association, it does not provide an estimate of         the magnitude of the SNP genetic effect, nor the relative         genetic contribution to the total phenotypic variance.

Thus, the general QIPDT approach was improved using a regression model, which is referred to herein as “QIPDT2”; the original method is then called QIPDT1. The model for QIPDT2 can be written as:

y _(ki)=β₀+β₁ x _(ki) +e _(ki),

where y_(ki) is adjusted phenotypic value for individual i in pedigree k; x_(ki) is coded marker genotypic value; β₀ is intercept; is regression coefficient, or genetic effect, of the SNP in question. Note that the methods for adjusting phenotypic values and coding marker genotypes are the same as used by Stich et al., 2006. With this model, both the genetic effect and R² for each SNP can be estimated. It is important to note that the phenotypic data were pre-adjusted for excluding effects from testers and/or locations before being further adjusted for pedigree structure; this adjustment was necessary to implement the complex model in QIPDT2. The methods for pre-adjustment were the same as described previously for the TASSEL analysis.

Association Models in QIPDT2.

Association results from both QIPDT1 and QIPDT2 for the whole data set and split subsets for locations and testers were generated. Like the analysis with TASSEL, the phenotypic data were adjusted for locations and/or testers, depending on which subset was used. This resulted in one adjusted phenotypic value (either BLUP line values or model residuals) for each inbred, which contains a combination of all genetic effects for the inbred and random residual only.

Before QIPDT analysis, all inbreds were grouped into different nuclear families, according to their parental lines. The use of nuclear families was expected to give better control of population structure than extended pedigrees that were used in Stich et al (2006). For QIPDT1, a test statistic (Z value) and corresponding p value were estimated for each SNP; for QIPDT2, a test statistic (T value) and corresponding p value were derived from the simple regression model, along with R square, for each SNP. QIPDT2 more powerful than QIPDT1, in terms of p values. Since QIPDT2 also gave estimates (R2) for relative contribution for each SNP, QIPDT2 was used for reporting association results from the QIPDT approach.

Example 7 Significance and Contributions of Favorable Alleles to Yield Phenotvpes

P values and contributions that each favorable allele was observed to have on the yield phenotypes YGSMN, GMSTP, and GWTPN were calculated. These values are summarized in Tables 6-8. In Tables 6-8, the term “contribution” refers to the contribution that the favorable allele was calculated to have with respect to the phenotype observed in view of the mean values of 201.68 bushels/acre, 18.95%, and 25.29 bushels/plot for YGSMN, GMSTP, and GWTPN, respectively. In Tables 6-8, the “contribution” is expressed in bushels/acre, percent, and bushels/plot for YGSMN, GMSTP, and GWTPN, respectively.

TABLE 6 Contributions of Favorable Alleles to Increased Yield Identified by Both TASSEL and QIPDT2 SEQ SNP ID NO. Position F U Trait Contribution P-Value  4 368 T G YGSMN 2.871241 0.000723  5 4038 T C GMSTP 0.026291 0.000855 10 408 C T YGSMN 11.66073 0.000001 13 338 A G YGSMN 4.880021 0.000053 14 5356 A G GMSTP 1.186592 0.000885 25 286 A G YGSMN 4.501456 0.000405 35 1742 A G YGSMN 1.12357 0 A G GMSTP 0.2108 0 36 2457 C A GMSTP 0.1034 0 37 631 T A YGSMN 2.87987 0.0014214 38 945 G A GMSTP 0.059 0 39 2378 A G GMSTP 0.1306 0 40 2860 T A YGSMN 0.62154 0.0040265 A T GMSTP 0.0571 0.0029 41 2519 G T GMSTP 0.6192 0.0005 45 3597 T A YGSMN 1.0261 0 A T GMSTP 0.0387 0 46 3611 A G YGSMN 4.29316 0 A G GMSTP 0.082 0.0007 50 1603 C A YGSMN 18.9078 0.0002639 51 2859 A G YGSMN 18.9078 0.0002639

TABLE 7 Contributions of Favorable Allelesto Increased Yield Identified  by TASSEL SEQ  SNP ID NO. Position F U Trait Contribution P-Value  2 2420 G C YGSMN 5.8825 0.001683 C G GMSTP 0.0094 2.2 × 10⁻⁵  3 2709 G T YGSMN 6.5807 0.000102 T G GMSTP 0.3236 5.86 × 10⁻⁸  4 368 T G YGSMN 5.07 0.000259 T G GMSTP 0.1978 1.53 × 10⁻⁵  5 4038 C T YGSMN 1.6219 0.000368 T C GMSTP 0.1087 4.5 × 10⁻⁵  6 4038 C T YGSMN 1.6249 0.000244 T C GMSTP 0.1125 0.001377  7 402 A G YGSMN 1.6249 0.0004 G A GMSTP 0.116 0.004012  8 3050 T G YGSMN 9.1894 0.00018 G T GMSTP 0.2085 1.000107  9 2146 G A GMSTP 0.144 0.00108 10 408 T C GMSTP 0.0069 0.000124 11 160 C G YGSMN 3.0277 0.000733 G C GMSTP 0.1451 7.81 × 10⁻⁵ 12 311 C G YGSMN 3.8175 4.74 × 10⁻⁵ 13 338 A G YGSMN 3.0277 0.0016 G A GMSTP 0.0295 0.000772 14 5356 A G YGSMN 2.1002 0.0028 G A GMSTP 0.247 0.000211 15 5371 C A YGSMN 0.4474 0.0015 A C GMSTP 0.386 5.55 × 10⁻⁵ 16 1587 A G YGSMN 0.4237 0.0024 G A GMSTP 0.3405 8.48 × 10⁻⁵ 17 388 A G YGSMN 6.1114 0.000278 G A GMSTP 0.2688 0.000825 18 494 T G YGSMN 7.2079 2.04 × 10⁻⁵ 19 112 T G YGSMN 5.92 0.000459 G T GMSTP 0.4324 0.000325 20 2458 T A YGSMN 7.9072 0.000184 A T GMSTP 0.3375 0.00014 21 4037 T G YGSMN 9.1091 0.00021 22 849 T C YGSMN 1.9133 8.51 × 10⁻⁷ 24 1032 G C YGSMN 9.9887 2.22 × 10⁻⁵ C G GMSTP 0.0651 1.64 × 10⁻¹² 25 286 A G YGSMN 10.4903 8.54 × 10⁻⁶ G A GMSTP 0.0309 0.0026 26 346 A C YGSMN 2.2564 0.000133 27 6968 A T YGSMN 4.2075 2.63 × 10⁻⁵ T A GMSTP 0.0307 2.22 × 10⁻⁸ 28 6083 A G YGSMN 5.882 0.000321 G A GMSTP 0.3085 6.83 × 10⁻⁸ 29 1729 A G YGSMN 6.28 0.000289 G A GMSTP 0.2284 0.000889 30 1668 C A YGSMN 6.3213 6.19 × 10⁻⁵ A C GMSTP 0.2382 0.0011 31 5516 G A GMSTP 0.0968 0.000222 32 1255 G A GMSTP 0.3077 0.005 34 1486 G A GMSTP 0.2485 0.004 35 1742 A G YGSMN 0.0786 0.0012 38 945 G A GMSTP 0.2248 4 × 10⁻⁵ 39 2378 A G GMSTP 0.0824 3 × 10⁻⁴ 40 2860 T A YGSMN 1.2678 0.0021 41 2519 G T GMSTP 0.7182 0.006 42 903 A G YGSMN 1.0029 0.0026 43 1795 A G YGSMN 4.7106 0.0037 44 2040 T C GMSTP 0.113 0.003 45 3597 T A YGSMN 0.6016 0.0042 A T GMSTP 0.0258 0.001 50 1603 C A YGSMN 15.8079 0.0007 51 2859 A G YGSMN 15.8967 0.002

TABLE 8 Contributions of Favorable Alleles to Increased Yield Identified by QIPDT2 SEQ SNP ID NO. Position F U Trait Contribution P-Value  1 1333 G A GWTPN 2.21646 0.000023  4 368 T G GWTPN 0.34528 0.000873  5 4038 T C GMSTP 0.026291 0.000855 10 408 C T GWTPN 1.512896 0 13 338 A G GWTPN 0.59517 0.000054 14 5356 A G GMSTP 1.186583 0.000885 23 966 G A GWTPN 0.212929 0.001004 25 286 A G GWTPN 0.583598 0.000332 32 1255 G A YGSMN 6.986932 0.002462 33 1336 C G YGSMN 6.950575 0.002519 34 1486 G A YGSMN 6.271452 0.00353 35 1742 A G GMSTP 0.962058 0.001557 37 631 T A YGSMN 2.879866 0.001421 40 2860 T A YGSMN 0.621539 0.004026 A T GMSTP 0.057075 0.002945 41 2519 G T GMSTP 0.619242 0.000528 42 903 G T GMSTP 0.101635 0.001662 46 3611 A G YGSMN 18.7052 0.000128 47 131 G C GMSTP 0.138321 0.002778 48 2273 A T GMSTP 0.279381 0.001871 49 187 C G GMSTP 0.255931 0.003415 50 1603 C A YGSMN 18.90784 0.000264 C A GMSTP 0.962058 0.001557 51 2859 A G YGSMN 18.90784 0.000264 A G GMSTP 0.962058 0.001557

REFERENCES

All references listed below, as well as all references cited in the instant disclosure, including but not limited to all patents, patent applications and publications thereof, scientific journal articles, and database entries (e.g., GENBANK® database entries and all annotations available therein) are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties to the extent that they supplement, explain, provide a background for, or teach methodology, techniques, and/or compositions employed herein.

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It will be understood that various details of the presently disclosed subject matter may be changed without departing from the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for introgressing an allele of interest of a locus associated with a yield trait into Zea mays germplasm, the method comprising: (a) selecting a Zea mays plant that comprises an allele of interest of a locus associated with a yield trait, identifiable by PCR amplification of a Zea mays nucleic acid with a pair of oligonucleotides primers selected from among: (1) primer pair 1 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 52 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 53; (2) primer pair 2 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 57 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 58; (3) primer pair 3 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 62 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 63; (4) primer pair 4 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 68; (5) primer pair 5 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 72 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 73; (6) primer pair 6 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 77 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 78; (7) primer pair 7 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 82 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 83; (8) primer pair 8 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 87 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 88; (9) primer pair 9 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 92 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 93; (10) primer pair 10 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 97 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 98; (11) primer pair 11 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 102 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 103; (12) primer pair 12 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 107 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 108; (13) primer pair 13 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 112 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 113; (14) primer pair 14 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 117 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 118; (15) primer pair 15 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 122 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 123; (16) primer pair 16 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 127 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 128; (17) primer pair 17 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 132 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 133; (18) primer pair 18 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 137 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 138; (19) primer pair 19 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 142 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 143; (20) primer pair 20 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 147 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 148; (21) primer pair 21 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 152 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 153; (22) primer pair 22 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 157 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 158; (23) primer pair 23 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 162 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 163; (24) primer pair 24 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 167 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 168; (25) primer pair 25 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 172 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 173; (26) primer pair 26 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 177 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 178; (27) primer pair 27 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 182 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 183; (28) primer pair 28 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 187 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 188; (29) primer pair 29 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 192 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 193; (30) primer pair 30 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 197 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 198; (31) primer pair 31 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 202 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 203; (32) primer pair 32 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 207 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 208; (33) primer pair 33 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 212 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 213; (34) primer pair 34 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 217 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 218; (35) primer pair 35 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 222 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 223; (36) primer pair 36 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 227 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 228; (37) primer pair 37 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 232 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 233; (38) primer pair 38 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 237 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 238; (39) primer pair 39 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 242 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 243; (40) primer pair 40 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 247 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 248; (41) primer pair 41 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 252 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 253; (42) primer pair 42 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 257 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 258; (43) primer pair 43 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 262 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 263; (44) primer pair 44 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 267 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 268; (45) primer pair 45 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 272 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 273; (46) primer pair 46 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 277 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 278; (47) primer pair 47 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 282 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 283; (48) primer pair 48 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 287 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 288; (49) primer pair 49 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 292 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 293; (50) primer pair 50 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 297 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 298; and (51) primer pair 51 represented by a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 302 and a primer comprising SEQ ID NO: 303; and (b) introgressing the allele of interest into Zea mays germplasm that lacks the allele.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the allele of interest comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 169, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 249, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the allele of interest is a favorable allele that positively correlates with an improved yield-associated trait.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: (a) the yield trait is grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a G at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; an A at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a T at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a C at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a C at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; an A at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; a C at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; an A at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; an A at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a T at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; a T at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; a T at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a T at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; a T at nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22; a G at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; an A at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; an A at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; an A at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; an A at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; a C at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a C at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a T at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; a T at nucleotide position 3860 SEQ ID NO: 40; an A at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; an A at nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43; a T at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; (b) the yield trait is grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a C at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a T at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; a G at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a G at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a G at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a G at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a G at nucleotide position 338 SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; an A at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; a G at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; a G at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a G at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; an A at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a C at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; a G at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; a T at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; a G at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; a G at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; an A at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a C at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; a G at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; an A at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; an A at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; a G at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; a G at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; a T at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; an A at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a G at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; an A at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; a C at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; or (c) the yield trait is grain weight per plot (GWTPN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; or an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO:
 25. 5. A method for identifying a Zea mays plant comprising at least one allele associated with improved yield, the method comprising: (a) genotyping at least one Zea mays plant with at least one nucleic acid marker selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 169, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 249, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382; and (b) selecting at least one Zea mays plant comprising an allele of at least one of the at least one nucleic acid marker that is associated with improved yield.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the allele associated with improved yield comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to the full length nucleotide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the allele associated with improved yield is a favorable allele that positively correlates with an improved yield trait.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein: (a) the yield trait is grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a G at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; an A at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a T at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a C at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a C at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; an A at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; a C at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; an A at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; an A at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a T at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; a T at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; a T at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a T at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; a T at nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22; a G at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; an A at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; an A at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; an A at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; an A at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; a C at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a C at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a T at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; a T at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; an A at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; an A at nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43; a T at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; (b) the yield trait is grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a C at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a T at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; a G at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a G at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a G at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a G at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a G at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; an A at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; a G at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; a G at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a G at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; an A at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a C at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; a G at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; a T at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; a G at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; a G at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; an A at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a C at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; a G at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; an A at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; an A at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; a G at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; a G at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; a T at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; an A at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a G at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; an A at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; a C at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; or (c) the yield trait is grain weight per plot (GWTPN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; or an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO:
 25. 9. An improved Zea mays plant produced by the method of claim 1, or a part, seed, progeny, or tissue culture thereof.
 10. An elite Zea mays plant produced from the improved Zea mays plant of claim
 9. 11. Biomass produced from the improved Zea mays plant of claim 10, or from a progeny plant thereof, or from a part, seed, or tissue culture thereof.
 12. An isolated and purified genetic marker associated with a yield trait in Zea mays, wherein the isolated and purified genetic marker: (a) comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-382, or the reverse complement thereof, or an informative fragment thereof; and/or (b) comprises a nucleotide sequence of an amplification product or an informative fragment thereof from a nucleic acid sample isolated from a Zea mays plant, wherein the amplification product is produced by amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid using a pair of oligonucleotide primers selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53, SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 58, SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 63, SEQ ID NOs: 67 and 68, SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73, SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 78, SEQ ID NOs: 82 and 83, SEQ ID NOs: 87 and 88, SEQ ID NOs: 92 and 93, SEQ ID NOs: 97 and 98, SEQ ID NOs: 102 and 103, SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 108, SEQ ID NOs: 112 and 113, SEQ ID NOs: 117 and 118, SEQ ID NOs: 122 and 123, SEQ ID NOs: 127 and 128, SEQ ID NOs: 132 and 133, SEQ ID NOs: 137 and 138, SEQ ID NOs: 142 and 143, SEQ ID NOs: 147 and 148, SEQ ID NOs: 152 and 153, SEQ ID NOs: 157 and 158, SEQ ID NOs: 162 and 163, SEQ ID NOs: 167 and 168, SEQ ID NOs: 172 and 173, SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178, SEQ ID NOs: 182 and 183, SEQ ID NOs: 187 and 188, SEQ ID NOs: 192 and 193, SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198, SEQ ID NOs: 202 and 203, SEQ ID NOs: 207 and 208, SEQ ID NOs: 212 and 213, SEQ ID NOs: 217 and 218, SEQ ID NOs: 222 and 223, SEQ ID NOs: 227 and 228, SEQ ID NOs: 232 and 233, SEQ ID NOs: 237 and 238, SEQ ID NOs: 242 and 243, SEQ ID NOs: 247 and 248, SEQ ID NOs: 252 and 253, SEQ ID NOs: 257 and 258, SEQ ID NOs: 262 and 263, SEQ ID NOs: 267 and 268, SEQ ID NOs: 272 and 273, SEQ ID NOs: 277 and 278, SEQ ID NOs: 282 and 283, SEQ ID NOs: 287 and 288, SEQ ID NOs: 292 and 293, SEQ ID NOs: 297 and 298; and SEQ ID NOs: 302 and
 303. 13. The isolated and purified genetic marker of claim 12, wherein the isolated and purified genetic marker permits identification of a nucleotide in the genome of a Zea mays plant that corresponds to the nucleotide present at any of nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1, nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2, nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3, nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4, nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5, nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6, nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7, nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8, nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9, nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10, nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11, nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12, nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13, nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14, nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15, nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16, nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17, nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18, nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19, nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20, nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21, nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22, nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24, nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25, nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26, nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27, nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28, nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29, nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30, nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31, nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32, nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33, nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34, nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35, nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36, nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37, nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38, nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39, nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40, nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41, nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42, nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43, nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44, nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45, nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46, nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47, nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48, nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49, nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; and nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO:
 51. 14. The isolated and purified genetic marker of claim 12, wherein the isolated and purified genetic marker further comprises a detectable moiety.
 15. A composition comprising an amplification primer pair capable of amplifying a Zea mays nucleic acid to generate a Zea mays marker amplicon, wherein the Zea mays marker amplicon corresponds to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-51, 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, 94, 99, 104, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149, 154, 159, 164, 169, 174, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 214, 219, 224, 229, 234, 239, 244, 249, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284, 289, 294, 299, 304, and 307-382.
 16. A method for producing an inbred Zea mays plant adapted for conferring, in hybrid combination with a suitable second inbred, improved yield, the method comprising: (a) selecting a first donor parental line possessing a desired yield trait and having at least one of improved yield loci selected from Zea mays loci: (1) ZmDWF1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 1, 50, 51, 54, 299, 304, 307, 308, and 380-382; (2) ZmZfl2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 2-4, 59, 64, 69, and 309-312; (3) ZmFea2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 5-7, 74, 79, 89, and 313-316; (4) ZmZfl1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 94, and 317-319; (5) M18138, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 10, 99, 320, and 321; (6) ZmCat3, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12, 104, 109, and 322-324; (7) Zm013154, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 13, 114, 325, and 326; (8) ZmSTP1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15, 119, 124, and 327-329; (9) ZmCaT, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 16, 129, 330, and 331; (10) ZmAlaAT, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 17-19, 134, 139, 144, and 332-335; (11) ZmD11/DWARF4L1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, 149, 154, and 336-338; (12) ZmDWARF4, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 159, 164, and 339-341; (13) ZmTD1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 24-26, 169, 174, 179, and 342-345; (14) ZmBT2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 184, 189, and 346-348; (15) ZmVrs1.1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, 194, 199, and 349-351; (16) ZmSPS1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 31, 204, 352, and 353; (17) ZmBRI1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 32-34, 209, 214, 219, and 354-357; (18) ZmCaT2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 35-37, 224, 229, 234, and 358-361; (19) ZmCKX1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 38-41, 239, 244, 249, 254, and 362-366; (20) ZmCKX4, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 42, 259, 367, and 368; (21) ZmCKX7, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 43, 44, 264, 269, and 369-371; (22) ZmGW2-2, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 274, 279, and 372-374; (23) ZmKRN1, mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 47, 284, 375, and 376; and (24) ZmVRS1-3 mapped by one or more of the markers SEQ ID NOs: 48, 49, 289, 294, and 377-379; (b) crossing the first donor parent line with a second parental line in hybrid combination to produce a segregating plant population; (c) screening the segregating plant population for presence of an allele associated with improved yield; and (d) selecting plants from the population having the allele for further screening until a line is obtained which is homozygous for improved yield at sufficient loci to give improved yield in hybrid combination.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein: (a) the desired yield trait is grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a G at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; an A at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a T at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a C at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a C at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; an A at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; a C at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; an A at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; an A at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a T at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; a T at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; a T at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a T at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; a T at nucleotide position 849 of SEQ ID NO: 22; a G at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; an A at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; an A at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; an A at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; an A at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; a C at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a C at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a T at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; a T at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; an A at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; an A at nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43; a T at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; (b) the desired yield trait is grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a C at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a T at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; a G at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a G at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a G at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a G at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a G at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; an A at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; a G at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; a G at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a G at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; an A at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a C at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; a G at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; a T at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; a G at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; a G at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; an A at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a C at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; a G at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; an A at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; an A at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; a G at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; a G at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; a T at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; an A at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a G at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; an A at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; a C at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; or an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; or (c) the desired yield trait is grain weight per plot (GWTPN), and the favorable allele comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; or an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO:
 25. 18. An inbred Zea mays plant comprising one or more alleles associated with a desired yield trait, wherein: (a) the desired yield trait is grain yield at standard moisture percentage (YGSMN), and the allele of interest is selected from a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a G at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; an A at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a T at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a C at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a C at nucleotide position 311 of SEQ ID NO: 12; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; an A at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; a C at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; an A at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; an A at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a T at nucleotide position 494 of SEQ ID NO: 18; a T at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; a T at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a T at nucleotide position 4037 of SEQ ID NO: 21; a T at nucleotide position 849 SEQ ID NO: 22; a G at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; an A at nucleotide position 346 of SEQ ID NO: 26; an A at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; an A at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; an A at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; a C at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a C at nucleotide position 1336 of SEQ ID NO: 33; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a T at nucleotide position 631 of SEQ ID NO: 37; a T at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; an A at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; an A at nucleotide position 1795 of SEQ ID NO: 43; a T at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; and an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; (b) the desired yield trait is grain moisture at harvest (GMSTP), and the allele of interest is selected from a nucleotide sequence comprising a C at nucleotide position 2420 of SEQ ID NO: 2; a T at nucleotide position 2709 of SEQ ID NO: 3; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 6; a G at nucleotide position 402 of SEQ ID NO: 7; a G at nucleotide position 3050 of SEQ ID NO: 8; a G at nucleotide position 2146 of SEQ ID NO: 9; a T at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; a G at nucleotide position 160 of SEQ ID NO: 11; a G at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 5356 of SEQ ID NO: 14; an A at nucleotide position 5371 of SEQ ID NO: 15; a G at nucleotide position 1587 of SEQ ID NO: 16; a G at nucleotide position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 17; a G at nucleotide position 112 of SEQ ID NO: 19; an A at nucleotide position 2458 of SEQ ID NO: 20; a C at nucleotide position 1032 of SEQ ID NO: 24; a G at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO: 25; a T at nucleotide position 6968 of SEQ ID NO: 27; a G at nucleotide position 6083 of SEQ ID NO: 28; a G at nucleotide position 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 29; an A at nucleotide position 1668 of SEQ ID NO: 30; a G at nucleotide position 5516 of SEQ ID NO: 31; a G at nucleotide position 1255 of SEQ ID NO: 32; a G at nucleotide position 1486 of SEQ ID NO: 34; an A at nucleotide position 1742 of SEQ ID NO: 35; a C at nucleotide position 2457 of SEQ ID NO: 36; a G at nucleotide position 945 of SEQ ID NO: 38; an A at nucleotide position 2378 of SEQ ID NO: 39; an A at nucleotide position 3860 of SEQ ID NO: 40; a G at nucleotide position 2519 of SEQ ID NO: 41; a G at nucleotide position 903 of SEQ ID NO: 42; a T at nucleotide position 2040 of SEQ ID NO: 44; an A at nucleotide position 3597 of SEQ ID NO: 45; an A at nucleotide position 3611 of SEQ ID NO: 46; a G at nucleotide position 131 of SEQ ID NO: 47; an A at nucleotide position 2273 of SEQ ID NO: 48; a C at nucleotide position 187 of SEQ ID NO: 49; a C at nucleotide position 1603 of SEQ ID NO: 50; and an A at nucleotide position 2859 of SEQ ID NO: 51; and/or (c) the desired yield trait is grain weight per plot (GWTPN), and the allele of interest is selected from a nucleotide sequence comprising a G at nucleotide position 1333 of SEQ ID NO: 1; a T at nucleotide position 368 of SEQ ID NO: 4; a T at nucleotide position 4038 of SEQ ID NO: 5; a C at nucleotide position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 10; an A at nucleotide position 338 of SEQ ID NO: 13; a G at nucleotide position 966 of SEQ ID NO: 23; or an A at nucleotide position 286 of SEQ ID NO:
 25. 